<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1251</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1251</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Radiomics in the differential diagnosis of glioblastoma under the primary neurooncoimaging conditions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Радиомика в дифференциальной диагностике глиобластомы в условиях первичной нейроонковизуализации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-9146</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslov</surname><given-names>Nikita E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслов</surname><given-names>Никита Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Department of radiation diagnostics and medical imaging with the clinic, Almazov National Medical Research Centre; radiologist, Department of radiation diagnostics, Saint Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант каф. лучевой диагностики и медицинской визуализации с клиникой НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова; врач-рентгенолог отделения лучевой диагностики Санкт-Петербургского клинического научно-практического центра специализированных видов медицинской помощи (онкологический) им. Н.П. Напалкова</p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3042-1476</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valenkova</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валенкова</surname><given-names>Дария Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>engineer, Information and Methodological Center, Faculty of computer technology and informatics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер информационно-методического центра факультета компьютерных технологий и информатики </p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9869-4909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitсa</surname><given-names>Alexander M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синица</surname><given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>senior researcher, Department of radio engineering systems</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>с. н. с. каф. радиотехнических систем</p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1611-5000</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trufanov</surname><given-names>Gennadiy E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Труфанов</surname><given-names>Геннадий Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Department of radiation diagnostics and medical imaging with the clinic; Head, Research Institute of Radiation Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. каф. лучевой диагностики и медицинской визуализации с клиникой, заведующий НИО лучевой диагностики </p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2246-0441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseenko</surname><given-names>Vladimir M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеенко</surname><given-names>Владимир Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corr. Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корр. РАН, профессор, директор </p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2249-1405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimtsev</surname><given-names>Alexander Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефимцев</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assосiate Professor, Department of radiation diagnostics and medical imaging with the clinic; leading researcher, Research Institute of Radiation Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доц. каф. лучевой диагностики и медицинской визуализации с клиникой, в. н. с. НИО лучевой диагностики </p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7037-177X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernobrivtseva</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернобривцева</surname><given-names>Вера Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), assistant, Department of radiation diagnostics and medical imaging with the clinic, Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Head, Department of radiation diagnostics, Saint Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ассистент каф. лучевой диагностики и медицинской визуализации с клиникой НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова; зав. отд. лучевой диагностики Санкт-Петербургского клинического научно-практического центра специализированных видов медицинской помощи (онкологический) им. Н.П. Напалкова</p></bio><email>atickinwallsome@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Сlinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский клинический научно-практический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи (онкологический) имени Н.П. Напалкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-13"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Maslov N.E., Valenkova D.A., Sinitсa A.M., Trufanov G.E., Moiseenko V.M., Efimtsev A.Y., Chernobrivtseva V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Маслов Н.Е., Валенкова Д.А., Синица А.М., Труфанов Г.Е., Моисеенко В.М., Ефимцев А.Ю., Чернобривцева В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maslov N.E., Valenkova D.A., Sinitсa A.M., Trufanov G.E., Moiseenko V.M., Efimtsev A.Y., Chernobrivtseva V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маслов Н.Е., Валенкова Д.А., Синица А.М., Труфанов Г.Е., Моисеенко В.М., Ефимцев А.Ю., Чернобривцева В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1251">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1251</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold><bold>.</bold> According to the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Drug Management of Primary CNS Cancers, the first step of molecular genetic testing to identify the morphological type and malignancy of adult-type diffuse gliomas is the detection of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status. However, tumor tissue biopsy as the conventional diagnostic standard has a number of limitations that can potentially be mitigated by applying the principles of radiomics to the interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) images.</p> <p>The <bold>aim</bold> of our study is to develop a radiomics model for IDH mutation status prediction, which can be applied to primary diagnostic imaging in patients with suspected adult-type diffuse gliomas.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold><bold>. </bold>We conducted a retrospective comparative statistical analysis of radiomic features extracted from 46 conventional brain MR images of the patients with adult-type diffuse gliomas and identified IDH mutation status using the Random Forest algorithm of machine learning in combination with various preprocessing methods of the source imaging data and a semi-automated LevelTracing tool used for segmentation of the regions of interest (ROI).</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The most effective combination of tools for preprocessing, segmentation, and classification was found to be ScaleIntensity, LevelTracing, and Random Forest, respectively. Using this combination, we verified the reliability of six radiomic predictors identified at the previous study stage. These features were all associated with IDH mutation status, and most of them capture texture heterogeneity in the ROIs at the voxel level. We were also able to improve the prognostic performance of our classification model up to AUC = 0.845 ± 0.089 (p &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Based on a small, technically heterogeneous sample of routine MR imaging data, we developed a multiparametric model of IDH mutation status prediction in the patients with adult-type diffuse gliomas. Our conclusion is that relatively uniform preprocessing techniques based on uniform voxel intensity changes, which allow to preserve the structural detail, are feasible in clinical practice. The identified radiomic, likely voxel-based, features reflect the severity of perifocal vasogenic edema and the measure of intratumor morphological heterogeneity. We plan to assess the reproducibility of the study results using similar medical imaging data from open sources and to develop a color mapping technique for the ROIs to facilitate visual interpretation of quantitative radiomic data.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold><bold>.</bold> Согласно классификации ВОЗ опухолей ЦНС 2021 г. и практическим рекомендациям по лекарственному лечению первичных опухолей ЦНС 2023 г., определение статуса изоцитратдегидрогеназы (IDH) является начальным этапом молекулярно-генетического тестирования при идентификации патоморфологических форм диффузных глиом взрослых. Однако традиционный диагностический стандарт, подразумевающий исследование биопсийного материала, обладает рядом ограничений, потенциально нивелируемых внедрением в алгоритм интерпретации традиционных магнитно-резонансных (МР) изображений принципов радиомики.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold><bold> </bold>исследования — разработка применимой в условиях первичных диагностических мероприятий радиомической модели прогнозирования IDH-статуса диффузных глиом взрослых.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold><bold> </bold>Посредством применения метода машинного обучения Random Forest осуществляли ретроспективный сравнительный статистический анализ радиомических характеристик 46 традиционных МР-исследований головного мозга пациентов с диффузными глиомами взрослых и известным IDH-статусом в зависимости от вида предварительной обработки исходных данных визуализации с использованием полуавтоматизированного инструмента сегментации зон интереса LevelTracing.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлена наиболее эффективная комбинация инструментов препроцессинга, сегментации и классификации — ScaleIntensity, LevelTracing и Random Forest соответственно. С её помощью верифицирована достоверность 6 выявленных на прошлом этапе исследования радиомических предикторов IDH-статуса, в большинстве являющихся характеристиками текстурной неоднородности зон интереса на воксельном уровне, а также увеличена прогностическая эффективность классификационной модели до AUC = 0.845 ± 0.089 (p &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Разработана мультипараметрическая предиктивная модель IDH-статуса при диффузных глиомах взрослых на основе рутинных данных МР-визуализации в условиях малой технически разнородной выборки. Сделан вывод о целесообразности использования относительно унифицированных методов предварительной обработки изображений, предполагающих равномерные изменения интенсивности вокселей с сохранной структурной детализацией. Выявленные радиомические характеристики, вероятно, на воксельном уровне иллюстрируют выраженность перифокального вазогенного отёка и феномена внутриопухолевой морфологической гетерогенности. Планируется оценка воспроизводимости полученных результатов на основе аналогичных данных медицинской визуализации из открытых источников, а также разработка методики цветового картирования зон интереса с целью привнесения элемента субъективного визуализационного анализа в процесс интерпретации количественных радиомических данных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adult-type diffuse gliomas</kwd><kwd>morphological heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>radiogenomics</kwd><kwd>radiomics</kwd><kwd>MRI</kwd><kwd>IDH mutation status</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диффузные глиомы взрослых</kwd><kwd>морфологическая гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>радиогеномика</kwd><kwd>радиомика</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>IDH-статус</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013–2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(12 Suppl 2):iv1–iv96. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Дяченко А.А. Эпидемиология и выживаемость больных первичными опухолями центральной нервной системы: популяционное исследование: дис. … канд. мед. наук. СПб., 2014. Dyachenko AA. Epidemiology and survival of patients with primary tumors of the central nervous system: a population-based study. St. Peterburg, 2014. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>McKinnon C, Nandhabalan M, Murray SA, Plaha P. Glioblastoma: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. BMJ. 2021;374:n1560. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1560</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Кобяков Г.Л., Бекяшев А.Х., Голанов А.В. и др. Практические рекомендации по лекарственному лечению первичных опухолей центральной нервной системы. Злокачественные опухоли: Практические рекомендации RUSSCO #3s2. 2018;(8):83–99. DOI: 10.18 027/2224-5057-2018-8-3s2-83-99 Kobyakov GL, Bekyashev AH, Golanov AV, et al. Practical recommendations for drug treatment of primary tumors of the central nervous system. Malignant tumors: Practical recommendations RUSSCO. 2018;(8):83–99. DOI: 10.18 027/2224-5057-2018-8-3s2-83-99</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Мацко М.В., Мацко Е.Д. Нейроонкология, 2021. Краткий анализ новой классификации Всемирной организации здравоохранения опухолей центральной нервной системы. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Медицина. 2022;17(2):88–100. DOI: 10.21638/spbu11.2022.202 Matsko MV, Matsko ED. Neuro-oncology, 2021. Brief analysis of the new World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine. 2022;17(2):88–100. DOI: 10.21638/spbu11.2022.202</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–1251. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Крылов В.В., Евзиков Г.Ю., Кобяков Г.Л. Морфогенетическая характеристика глиальных опухолей у взрослых в классификациях ВОЗ 2007, 2016, 2021 гг. Изменения классификаций и их значение для клинической практики. Нейрохирургия. 2023;25(3):135–148. DOI: 10.17650/1683-3295-2023-25-3-135-148 Krylov VV, Evzikov GYu, Kobyakov GL. Morphogenetic characteristics of glial tumors in adults per the WHO classifications of 2007, 2016, 2021. Changes in the classifications and their significance for clinical practice. Russian journal of neurosurgery. 2023;25(3):135–148. DOI: 10.17650/1683-3295-2023-25-3-135-148</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Улитин А.Ю., Мацко М.В., Кобяков Г.Л. и др. Практические рекомендации по лекарственному лечению первичных опухолей центральной нервной системы. Практические рекомендации RUSSCO, часть 1. Злокачественные опухоли. 2023;13(#3s2):120–147. DOI: 10.18027/2224-5057-2023-13-3s2-1-120-147 Ulitin AYu, Macko MV, Kobyakov GL, et al. Practical recommendations for drug treatment of primary tumors of the central nervous system. Malignant tumors: Practical recommendations RUSSCO. 2023;13(#3s2):120–147. DOI: 10.18027/2224-5057-2023-13-3s2-1-120-147</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chung CY, Pigott LE. Predicting IDH and ATRX mutations in gliomas from radiomic features with machine learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Radiol. 2024;4:1493824. DOI: 10.3389/fradi.2024.1493824</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Malone H, Yang J, Hershman DL, et al. Complications following stereotactic needle biopsy of intracranial tumors. World Neurosurg. 2015;84(4):1084–1089. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.05.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Шашкин Ч.С., Жетписбаев Б.Б., Абдулгужина Р.М., Жуков Е.С. Стереотаксическая биопсия опухолей головного мозга. Нейрохирургия и неврология Казахстана. 2013;4(33):23–25. Shashkin ChS, Zhetpisbaev BB, Abdulguzhina RM, Zhukov ES. Stereotaxic biopsy of brain tumors. Nejrohirurgiya i nevrologiya Kazahstana. 2013;4(33):23–25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Qin Q, Zhang Y, Cao Y. Noninvasive determination of the IDH status of gliomas using MRI and MRI-based radiomics: impact on diagnosis and prognosis. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(10):6893–6907. DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100542</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Chang K, Bai HX, Zhou H, et al. Residual convolutional neural network for the determination of IDH status in low- and high-grade gliomas from MR imaging. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(5):1073–1081. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2236</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Choi Y, Nam Y, Lee YS, et al. IDH1 mutation prediction using MR-based radiomics in glioblastoma: comparison between manual and fully automated deep learning-based approach of tumor segmentation. Eur J Radiol. 2020;128:109031. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hashido T, Saito S, Ishida T. Radiomics-based machine learning classification for glioma grading using diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2021;45(4):606–613. DOI: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000001180</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lin K, Cidan W, Qi Y, Wang X. Glioma grading prediction using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics combined with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging. Med Phys. 2022;49(7):4419–4429. DOI: 10.1002/mp.15648</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Shen N, Lv W, Li S, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of the notch signaling pathway via radiomic signatures based on multiparametric MRI in association with biological functions of patients with glioma: a multi-institutional study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2023;57(3):884–896. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28378</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Zhong S, Ren JX, Yu ZP, et al. Predicting glioblastoma molecular subtypes and prognosis with a multimodal model integrating convolutional neural network, radiomics, and semantics. J Neurosurg. 2022;139(2):305–314. DOI: 10.3171/2022.10.JNS22801</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Rui W, Zhang S, Shi H, et al. Deep learning-assisted quantitative susceptibility mapping as a tool for grading and molecular subtyping of gliomas. Phenomics. 2023;3(3):243–254. DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00087-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Guo W, She D, Xing Z, et al. Multiparametric MRI-based radiomics model for predicting H3 K27M mutant status in diffuse midline glioma: a comparative study across different sequences and machine learning techniques. Front Oncol. 2022;12:796583. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.796583</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Маслов Н.Е., Труфанов Г.Е., Моисеенко В.М. и др. Разработка принципов адаптации радиогеномного подхода к визуализации глиальных опухолей в рамках инициальных диагностических мероприятий. Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье. 2024;14(1):168–176. DOI: 10.20340/vmi-rvz.2024.1.MIM.3 Maslov NE, Trufanov GE, Moiseenko VM, et al. Radiogenomic approach to glial tumors imaging under conditions of initial diagnostic measures: adaptation principles development. Bulletin of the Medical Institute “REAVIZ”. Rehabilitation, Doctor and Health. 2024;14(1):168–176. DOI: 10.20340/vmi-rvz.2024.1.MIM.3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Маслов Н.Е., Валенкова Д.А., Труфанов Г.Е., Моисеенко В.М. Анализ методик нормализации данных МРТ и сегментации зон интереса при рутинизации радиогеномного подхода к визуализации глиом. Вестник Смоленской государственной медицинской академии. 2024;(4):149–158. Maslov NE, Valenkova DA, Trufanov GE, Moiseenko VM. Analysis of MRI normalization techniques and ROI segmentation tools during routinization of radiogenomic approach to gliomas imaging. Vestnik Smolenskoj gosudarstvennoj medicinskoj akademii. 2024;(4):149–158. DOI: 10.37903/vsgma.2024.4.19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Valenkova D, Lyanova A, Sinitca A, et al. A fuzzy rank-based ensemble of CNN models for MRI segmentation. Biomed Signal Proc Control. 2025;102:107342. DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2024.107342</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Antoine JP. Wavelet transforms and their applications. Physics Today. 2003;56(4):68–8. DOI: 10.1063/1.1580056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Ammari S, Balleyguier C, et al. Impact of preprocessing and harmonization methods on the removal of scanner effects in brain MRI radiomic features. Cancers. 2021;13(12):3000. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123000</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Horng H, Singh A, Yousefi B, et al. Generalized ComBat harmonization methods for radiomic features with multi-modal distributions and multiple batch effects. Scientific Reports. 2022r;12(1):4493. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08412-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Hasanzadeh A, Moghaddam HS, Shakiba M, et al. The role of multimodal imaging in differentiating vasogenic from infiltrative edema: a systematic review. Indian J. Radiol. Imaging. 2023;33(4):514–521. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Min Zh, Niu Ch, Rana N, et al. Differentiation of pure vasogenic edema and tumor-infiltrated edema in patients with peritumoral edema by analyzing the relationship of axial and radial diffusivities on 3.0T MRI. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2013;115(8):1366–1370. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.12.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Qian Z, Xu K, et al. Radiomic features predict Ki-67 expression level and survival in lower grade gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2017 ;135(2):317–324. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2576-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Reuss DE, Kratz A, Sahm F, et al. Adult IDH wild type astrocytomas biologically and clinically resolve into other tumor entities. Acta Neuropathol. 2015;130(3):407–417. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1454-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Suzuki H, Aoki K, Chiba K, et al. Mutational landscape and clonal architecture in grade II and III gliomas. Nat Genet. 2015;47(5):458–468. DOI: 10.1038/ng.3273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Brat DJ, Aldape K, Colman H, et al. cIMPACT-NOW update 3: recommended diagnostic criteria for “Diffuse astrocytic glioma, IDH-wildtype, with molecular features of glioblastoma, WHO grade IV”. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;136(5):805–810. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1913-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Hasselblatt M, Jaber M, Reuss D, et al. Diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-wildtype: a dissolving diagnosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2018;77(6):422–425. DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>McNamara C, Mankad K, Thust S, et al. 2021 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system: a review for the neuroradiologist. Neuroradiology. 2022;64(10):1919–1950. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-03008-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Smith HL, Wadhwani N, Horbinski C. Major features of the 2021 WHO classification of CNS tumors. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;19(6):1691–1704. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01249-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, et al. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):803–820. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Di Salle G, Tumminello L, Laino ME, et al. Accuracy of radiomics in predicting IDH mutation status in diffuse gliomas: a bivariate meta-analysis. Radiol Artif Intell. 2024;6(1):e220257. DOI: 10.1148/ryai.220257</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Verduin M, Primakov S, Compter I, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of integrated qualitative and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis in glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(4):722. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040722</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Zachariah RM, Priya PS, Pendem S. Classification of low- and high-grade gliomas using radiomic analysis of multiple sequences of MRI brain. J Cancer Res Ther. 2023;19(2):435–446. DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1581_22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Z, Xiao J, Wu S, et al. Deep convolutional radiomic features on diffusion tensor images for classification of glioma grades. J Digit Imaging. 2020;33(4):826–837. DOI: 10.1007/s10278-020-00322-4</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
