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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1358</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1358</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VXVXFW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biofeedback training in rehabilitation of patients with neurological disorders in post-COVID syndrome: a randomized controlled trial</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>БОС-тренинг в реабилитации пациентов с неврологическими нарушениями при постковидном синдроме: рандомизированное контролируемое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-5833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherkasova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черкасова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Brain-computer interface group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>cherka.sova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6836-4386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ikonnikova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иконникова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Brain-computer interface group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>ikonnikovaes@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8671-5861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyukmanov</surname><given-names>Roman Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Люкманов</surname><given-names>Роман Харисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Head, Brain-computer interface group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с., рук. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>xarisovich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7119-9841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichenko</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириченко</surname><given-names>Ольга Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Head, Department of medical rehabilitation and physiotherapy, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с., зав. отделением медицинской реабилитации и физиотерапии Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>kirichenko@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-5135</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokienko</surname><given-names>Olesya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокиенко</surname><given-names>Олеся Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), researcher, Brain-computer interface group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Technologies, senior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий, с. н. с.</p></bio><email>lesya.md@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0576-2626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konyshev</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конышев</surname><given-names>Владимир Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Executive Officer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>генеральный директор</p></bio><email>info@neurobotics.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3751-2766</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zonov</surname><given-names>Alexandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зонов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>product manager, neurophysiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>продакт-менеджер, нейрофизиолог</p></bio><email>info@neurobotics.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-6362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suponeva</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супонева</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Corresponding member of RAS, Director, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, член-корреспондент РАН, директор Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>suponeva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-0392</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Piradov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пирадов</surname><given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Full member of RAS, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>raskurazhev@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Neurobotics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Нейроботикс</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-07"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-21"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Cherkasova A.N., Ikonnikova E.S., Lyukmanov R.K., Kirichenko O.A., Mokienko O.A., Konyshev V.A., Zonov A.A., Suponeva N.A., Piradov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Черкасова А.Н., Иконникова Е.С., Люкманов Р.Х., Кириченко О.А., Мокиенко О.А., Конышев В.А., Зонов А.А., Супонева Н.А., Пирадов М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Cherkasova A.N., Ikonnikova E.S., Lyukmanov R.K., Kirichenko O.A., Mokienko O.A., Konyshev V.A., Zonov A.A., Suponeva N.A., Piradov M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Черкасова А.Н., Иконникова Е.С., Люкманов Р.Х., Кириченко О.А., Мокиенко О.А., Конышев В.А., Зонов А.А., Супонева Н.А., Пирадов М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1358">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1358</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>The high prevalence of post-COVID syndrome (PCS), which frequently manifests with emotional disturbances, cognitive impairment, and asthenia, necessitates effective rehabilitation methods. One potential approach is electroencephalography (EEG)-based biofeedback (BFB) therapy, though its use in PCS management has been explored in only a few studies to date.</p> <p><bold>The study aimed </bold>to evaluate the effects of EEG α-rhythm BFB training on emotional state and cognitive function recovery, and reduction of astheniа symptoms in PCS patients.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Patients diagnosed with U09. Post-COVID-19 condition were randomly assigned to two groups of 10 participants each. The main group underwent 12–15 sessions of EEG α-rhythm BFB training using the NeuroPlay-6C headset with the Neurocorrection of COVID-19 Psychoemotional Consequences protocol, while the control group received identical training without biofeedback. Assessments performed before and after the intervention included: emotional state evaluation (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI], Short Health Anxiety Inventory [SHAI], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], Psychological Stress Measure [PSM-25]), cognitive function assessment (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III [ACE-III], Schulte tables, Stroop test, Tower of London test, N-back test, 10-word memory test), assessment of asthenia (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory [MFI]), and sleep quality evaluation (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]).</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>In both groups, the training resulted in a significant reduction of personal anxiety, psychological stress, depression, and asthenia. The main group additionally demonstrated decreased health-related anxiety and improved information retention parameters. Intergroup comparison revealed more pronounced dynamics in the main group: greater reduction of general fatigue manifestations, increased immediate word recall volume, and improved retention of verbal information in working memory. The proportion of patients transitioning to milder symptom severity levels on individual scales was comparable between both groups.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>EEG α-rhythm biofeedback training can be implemented at the outpatient rehabilitation stage for PCS patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Распространённость постковидного синдрома (ПКС), среди проявлений которого высока частота встречаемости нарушений эмоциональной сферы, когнитивных функций и проявлений астении, требует разработки методов их преодоления. Одним из таких методов может стать терапия с использованием биологической обратной связи (БОС) по электроэнцефалографии (ЭЭГ), изучение которой в отношении ПКС ограничено единичными работами.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>исследования — оценить влияние БОС-тренинга по α-ритму ЭЭГ на восстановление эмоционального состояния, когнитивных функций, снижение проявлений астении у пациентов с ПКС.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Пациентов с диагнозом «U09. Состояние после COVID-19» рандомизировали в 2 группы по 10 человек. Участники основной группы проходили 12–15 тренировок БОС-тренинга по α-ритму ЭЭГ с помощью гарнитуры «NeuroPlay-6C» по программе «Нейрокоррекция психоэмоциональных последствий COVID-19». В контрольной группе применяли те же тренировки, но без обратной связи. До и после тренинга оценивали состояние эмоциональной сферы (Опросник Спилбергера–Ханина, Краткий опросник тревоги о здоровье, Шкала депрессии Бека, Шкала психологического стресса), когнитивных функций (Адденбрукская шкала оценки когнитивных функций III, «Таблицы Шульте», тест Струпа, «Башни Лондона», N-back, «10 слов»), параметры астении (Субъективная шкала оценки астении) и качества сна (Индекс тяжести инсомнии).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В обеих группах после тренинга произошло значимое снижение личностной тревожности, психологического стресса, депрессии и астении. В основной группе также отмечено снижение тревоги о здоровье и улучшение параметров запоминания информации. При межгрупповом сравнении в основной группе наблюдалась более выраженная динамика снижения проявлений общей астении, увеличения объёма непосредственного воспроизведения слов, удержания вербальной информации в рабочей памяти. Количество пациентов, перешедших на более лёгкий уровень проявления симптомов по отдельным шкалам, в двух группах было сопоставимым.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>БОС-тренинг по α-ритму ЭЭГ может применяться на амбулаторном этапе реабилитации пациентов с ПКС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>post-COVID syndrome</kwd><kwd>asthenia</kwd><kwd>emotional disorders</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>electroencephalographic biofeedback</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>постковидный синдром</kwd><kwd>астения</kwd><kwd>нарушения эмоциональной сферы</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>биологическая обратная связь по электроэнцефалографии</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, et al. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. 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