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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1416</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1416</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PQYLFT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of physical and breathing exercises on functional outcomes in patients with myasthenia gravis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние физических и дыхательных упражнений на функциональные показатели у пациентов с миастенией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5054-0941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurdiansyah</surname><given-names>Lucky</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нурдиансях</surname><given-names>Лаки</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Faculty of medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, отделение физической медицины и реабилитации Медицинского факультета</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8600-1925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazir</surname><given-names>Arnengsih</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назир</surname><given-names>Арненгсих</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, cardiorespiratory consultant, Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Faculty of medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, PhD, консультант по кардиореспираторным заболеваниям отделения физической медицины и реабилитации Медицинского факультета</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-4532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sari</surname><given-names>Dian Marta</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сари</surname><given-names>Диан M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, cardiorespiratory consultant, Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, PhD, консультант по кардиореспираторным заболеваниям, отделение физической медицины и реабилитации, медицинский факультет</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3067-8846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Digjaya</surname><given-names>Reinata</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дигджая</surname><given-names>Рейната</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Medical department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, медицинское отделение</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universitas Padjadjaran</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Паджаджаран</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Больница общего профиля имени доктора Хасана Садикина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Unpad University Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университетская больница RS Unpad</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rumah Sakit Tentara Dustira — Cimahi</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Румах Сакит Тентара Дустира — Чимахи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-26"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Nurdiansyah L., Nazir A., Sari D.M., Digjaya R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Нурдиансях Л., Назир А., Сари Д.M., Дигджая Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nurdiansyah L., Nazir A., Sari D.M., Digjaya R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нурдиансях Л., Назир А., Сари Д.M., Дигджая Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1416">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1416</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim.</bold> This review evaluated the effects of physical and breathing exercises on functional outcomes, respiratory capacity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG).</p> <p>A structured search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, complemented by manual citation screening. Eligible studies included intervention trials and observational reports in English or Indonesian.</p> <p>Seven eligible studies, mainly intervention-based, were identified addressing the effects of physical and breathing exercises in MG. Evidence showed benefits in muscle strength, functional capacity, QoL, and respiratory function, with breathing exercises helping prevent complications.</p> <p>Physical and breathing exercises provide significant benefits for patients with MG. Interventions such as aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, respiratory muscle endurance training, and inspiratory muscle training improve pulmonary function, functional capacity, and reduce dyspnea and fatigue, accompanied by increased peripheral muscle strength and QoL. The underlying physiological mechanisms include enhanced respiratory muscle strength, ventilatory efficiency, diaphragm activation, and neuromuscular adaptations that mitigate fatigability without exacerbating MG symptoms. Progressive resistance exercise further supports peripheral oxygenation and neuromuscular plasticity. From a safety perspective, structured exercise programs are proven safe in patients with stable MG, without causing clinical exacerbations or neuromuscular deterioration. Mild side effects are transient and rarely require medical intervention. Adherence levels are high, with dropout rates more often influenced by non-medical factors.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Physical and respiratory exercise yield measurable improvements in respiratory capacity, functional outcomes, and QoL in patients with MG, supporting their role as an effective disease management component.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold> обзора —<bold> </bold>рассмотреть влияние физических и дыхательных упражнений на функциональные показатели, функцию дыхания и качество жизни пациентов с миастенией.</p> <p>Проведён структурированный поиск в базах данных PubMed, Web of Science и Google Scholar, дополненный ручным скринингом цитируемой литературы. В обзор включены публикации об интервенционных и наблюдательных исследованиях на английском и индонезийском языках.</p> <p>Критериям включения соответствовали 7 исследований по оценке применения физических и дыхательных упражнений у пациентов с миастенией. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о повышении мышечной силы у пациентов, улучшении функционального статуса, качества жизни и дыхательной функции. Кроме того, выполнение дыхательных упражнений способствует профилактике осложнений.</p> <p>Выполнение физических и дыхательных упражнений существенно улучшает состояние пациентов с миастенией. Методики, включающие аэробные упражнения, тренировки с отягощением, тренировки выносливости дыхательных мышц и тренировки инспираторных мышц, приводят к улучшению функции внешнего дыхания, функционального статуса, а также снижению выраженности одышки и утомляемости. Кроме того, они способствуют увеличению силы периферических мышц и повышению качества жизни. Основные физиологические механизмы этого включают в себя увеличение силы дыхательных мышц, повышение эффективности дыхания, активацию диафрагмального дыхания и нервно-мышечную адаптацию, что приводит к снижению утомляемости без утяжеления симптомов миастении. Прогрессивные тренировки с отягощением способствуют улучшению периферической оксигенации и повышению нервно-мышечной пластичности. Структурированные программы физической тренировки безопасны для пациентов со стабильным течением миастении. Они не вызывают обострений и не приводят к прогрессированию нарушений нервно-мышечной передачи. Побочные эффекты характеризуются лёгкой степенью, имеют временный характер и, как правило, не требуют медицинского вмешательства. Отмечается высокий уровень приверженности пациентов упражнениям, а к отказу от них приводят в основном немедицинские факторы.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Выполнение физических и дыхательных упражнений обеспечивает значимое улучшение функции дыхания, функционального статуса и качества жизни пациентов с миастенией, что подчёркивает эффективность такого подхода при лечении этого заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breathing exercises</kwd><kwd>endurance training</kwd><kwd>myasthenia gravis</kwd><kwd>quality of life</kwd><kwd>resistance training</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дыхательные упражнения</kwd><kwd>тренировки на выносливость</kwd><kwd>миастения</kwd><kwd>myasthenia gravis</kwd><kwd>качество жизни</kwd><kwd>тренировки с отягощениями</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lehnerer S, Jacobi J, Schilling R, et al. 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