<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1428</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1428</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GXKPZS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Parkinson's disease and cardiovascular abnormalities: clinical and pathogenetic aspects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Болезнь Паркинсона и сердечно-сосудистая патология: клинико-патогенетические аспекты</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2184-2708</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sayfitdinkhuzhaev</surname><given-names>Zaynutdikhuzha F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайфитдинхужаев</surname><given-names>Зайнутдинхужа Фазлиддинхужа угли</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant-Researcher, Departmental Scientific and Educational Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology of Psychosomatic Relationships</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь кафедральной научно-образовательной лаборатории когнитивной нейрофизиологии психосоматических отношений</p></bio><email>sayfutdinxodjaev2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-6622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>Natalia G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жукова</surname><given-names>Наталья Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, профессор каф. неврологии и нейрохирургии</p></bio><email>sayfutdinxodjaev2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-9832</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseva</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусева</surname><given-names>Ольга Владмировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Hospital Therapy with a Course in Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, доцент каф. госпитальной терапии с курсом реабилитации, физиотерапии и спортивной медицины</p></bio><email>sayfutdinxodjaev2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5679-1698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жукова</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Expert, Clinical Research Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, эксперт центра клинических исследований</p></bio><email>sayfutdinxodjaev2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Sayfitdinkhuzhaev Z.F., Zhukova N.G., Guseva O.V., Zhukova I.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Сайфитдинхужаев З.Ф., Жукова Н.Г., Гусева О.В., Жукова И.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sayfitdinkhuzhaev Z.F., Zhukova N.G., Guseva O.V., Zhukova I.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сайфитдинхужаев З.Ф., Жукова Н.Г., Гусева О.В., Жукова И.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1428">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1428</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Cardiovascular dysfunction is an important non-motor component of PD, yet it remains underrecognized in clinical practice. Accumulating evidence indicates a high prevalence of orthostatic hypotension, coronary artery disease, and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with PD, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality. The <bold>aim</bold> of this review is to examine current data on the pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical features of cardiovascular disease in PD. We conducted a search for full-text publications in Russian and English over the past 20 years in the eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases using relevant keywords and phrases. The review demonstrates that cardiovascular disease in PD forms a continuum, sharing common autonomic and neurodegenerative mechanisms. Systematic screening, including blood pressure measurement in the standing position, prolonged ECG monitoring, assessment of the QT interval and heart rate variability, together with active management of traditional risk factors, is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Болезнь Паркинсона (БП) является мультисистемным нейродегенеративным заболеванием, характеризующимся прогрессирующей гибелью дофаминергических нейронов чёрной субстанции. Сердечно-сосудистая дисфункция является важной немоторной составляющей БП, однако остаётся недостаточно распознанной в клинической практике. Всё больше данных свидетельствуют о высокой частоте ортостатической гипотензии, ишемической болезни сердца и нарушений сердечного ритма у пациентов с БП, что существенно влияет на заболеваемость и смертность. <bold>Цель</bold> обзора — рассмотреть современные данные о патогенетических механизмах развития и клинической картине сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при БП. Нами проведён поиск полнотекстовых публикаций на русском и английском языках за последние 20 лет в базах данных eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science с использованием ключевых слов и словосочетаний. В обзоре показано, что сердечно-сосудистые заболевания при БП формируют единый континуум, имеющий общие автономные и нейродегенеративные механизмы. Систематический скрининг (измерение артериального давления в положении стоя, длительный ЭКГ-мониторинг, оценка интервала QT и вариабельности сердечного ритма) наряду с активной коррекцией традиционных факторов риска является необходимым условием снижения заболеваемости и смертности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Parkinson's disease</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular disease</kwd><kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd><kwd>orthostatic hypotension</kwd><kwd>cardiomyopathy</kwd><kwd>cardiac arrhythmias</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>ишемическая болезнь сердца</kwd><kwd>ортостатическая гипотензия</kwd><kwd>кардиомиопатия</kwd><kwd>нарушения ритма</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Таппахов А.А., Попова Т.Е., Николаева Т.Я. и др. Генетическая основа болезни Паркинсона. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2017;9(1):96–100. Tappakhov AA, Popova TE, Nikolaeva TYa, et al. The genetic basis of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, neuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. 2017;9(1):96–100. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2017-1-96-100</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Титова Н.В., Чаудури K.Р. Немоторные симптомы болезни Паркинсона: подводная часть айсберга. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2017;11(4):5–18. Titova NV, Chauduri KR. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: the underwater part of the iceberg. Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 2017;11(4):5–18. doi: 10.18454/ACEN.2017.4.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ривзи С.З., Палимар В., Гупта Ч., Андраде Л.С. Немоторные симптомы болезни Паркинсона: обзор. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2024;18(3):72–80. Rizvi SZ, Palimar V, Gupta C, Andrade LS. Spectrum of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease — a review. Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 2024;18(3):72–80. doi: 10.17816/ACEN.1001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Коломан И.И., Чимагомедова А.Ш. Влияние асимметрии моторных симптомов на когнитивные функции при болезни Паркинсона. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2020;120(10-2):74–79. Koloman II, Chimagomedova ASh. The impact of motor symptom asymmetry on cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. Special issues. 2020;120(10-2):74–79. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012010274</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dorsey ER, Sherer T, Okun MS, Bloem BR. The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(s1):s3–s8. doi: 10.3233/JPD-181474</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Park JH, Kim DH, Park YG, et al. Association of Parkinson disease with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Circulation. 2020;141(14):1205–1207. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044948</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197–211. doi: 10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00065-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Sharabi Y, Vatine GD, Ashkenazi A. Parkinson’s disease outside the brain: targeting the autonomic nervous system. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):868–876. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00219-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Borghammer P, Horsager J, Andersen K, et al. Neuropathological evidence of body-first vs. brain-first Lewy body disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2021;161:105557. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105557</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Javanshiri K, Drakenberg T, Haglund M, Englund E. Cardiac alpha-synuclein is present in alpha-synucleinopathies. J Park Dis. 2022;12(4):1125–1131. doi: 10.3233/JPD-223161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Nishida N, Yoshida K, Hata Y. Sudden unexpected death in early Parkinson’s disease: neurogenic or cardiac death? Cardiovasc Pathol. 2017;30:19–22. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2017.06.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Lee B, Edling C, Ahmad S, et al. Clinical and non-clinical cardiovascular disease associated pathologies in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):12601. doi: 10.3390/ijms241612601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Navarro-Otano J, Gelpi E, Mestres Caet al. Alpha-synuclein aggregates in epicardial fat tissue in living subjects without parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(1):27–31. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.07.005. discussion 27</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wang XJ, Ma MM, Zhou LB, et al. Autonomic ganglionic injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils as a model of pure autonomic failure alpha-synucleinopathy. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):934. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14189-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Scorza FA, Fiorini AC, Scorza CA, Finsterer J. Cardiac abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;53:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Baldacci F, Vergallo A, Del Dotto P, et al. RE response to: “Entacapone, Parkinson’s disease, “functional adrenergic denervation”, and Takotsubo syndrome”. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(4):427. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.11.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Мамалыга М.Л. Изменения вариабельности сердечного ритма при фармакологическом воздействии в досимптомной и симптомной стадиях болезни Паркинсона (экспериментальное исследование). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2013;113(8):57–60. Mamalyga ML. Сhanges in heart rate variability in presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of Parkinson’s disease under pharmacological influences: an experimental study. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2013;113(8):57–60. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Юдина В.В., Воскресенская О.Н. Сердечно-сосудистые нарушения при болезни Паркинсона. Российский неврологический журнал. 2024;29(6):15–19. Yudina VV, Voskresenskaya ON. Cardiovascular disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Russian neurological journal. 2024;29(6):15–19. doi: 10.30629/2658-7947-2024-29-6-15-19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2011;161(1-2):46–48. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.02.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Velseboer DC, de Haan RJ, Wieling W, et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(10):724–729. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Sharabi Y, Wu T. Survival in synucleinopathies: a prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2015;85(18):1554–1561. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002086</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Merola A, Sawyer RP, Artusi CA, et al. Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease: impact on health care utilization. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;47:45–49. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.11.344</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Залялова З.А., Хасанова Д.М., Ильина Г.Р. Ортостатическая гипотензия у пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2023;123(6):16–21. Zalyalova ZA, Khasanova DM, Ilina GR. Orthostatic hypotension in patients with Parkinson’s disease. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2023;123(6):16–21. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202312306116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Palma JA, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Kaufmann H. An orthostatic hypotension mimic: the inebriation-like syndrome in Parkinson disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31(4):598–600. doi: 10.1002/mds.26516</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Shibao C, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, et al. Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, attenuates postprandial hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 2007;50(1):54–61. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091355</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Jain S, Goldstein DS. Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson disease: from pathophysiology to pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46(3):572–580. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Nataraj A, Rajput AH. Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and related epidemiology. Mov Disord. 2005;20(11):1476–1480. doi: 10.1002/mds.20608</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Liu H, Xie YM, Yi DH, Wang YY. Clinical and medicine characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s syndrome. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2014;39(18):3493–3498.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Collins LM, Toulouse A, Connor TJ, Nolan YM. Contributions of central and systemic inflammation to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(7):2154–2168. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Chua SKK, Saffari SE, Lee SJY, Tan EK. Association between Parkinson’s disease and coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(6):1737–1748. doi: 10.3233/JPD-223291</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Mittal B, Mishra A, Srivastava A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in coronary artery disease. Adv Clin Chem. 2014;64:1–72. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800263-6.00001-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Brkic M, Balusu S, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. Friends or foes: matrix metalloproteinases and their multifaceted roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:620581. doi: 10.1155/2015/620581</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, et al. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circ Res. 2019;124(5):799–815. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1376–1414. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Yalta K, Madias JE, Kounis NG, et al. Takotsubo syndrome: an international expert consensus report on practical challenges and specific conditions (Part-1: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges). Balkan Med J. 2024;41(6):421–441. doi: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2024.2024-9-98</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Болдуева С.А., Евдокимов Д.С. Кардиомиопатия такоцубо. Обзор данных литературы: понятие, эпидемиология, патогенез. Часть I. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2022;27(3S):4993. Boldueva SA, Evdokimov DS. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Literature review: concept, epidemiology, pathogenesis. Part I. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(3S):4993. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-4993</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Cuenca-Bermejo L, Almela P, Navarro-Zaragoza J, et al. Cardiac changes in Parkinson’s disease: lessons from clinical and experimental evidence. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24):13488. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413488</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Grosu L, Grosu AI, Crisan D, et al. Parkinson’s disease and cardiovascular involvement: edifying insights (Review). Biomed Rep. 2023;18(3):25. doi: 10.3892/br.2023.1607</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Bardutz H, Singh J, Rehman Z, Bernat P. Parkinson’s disease and the cardiac cycle: a rapid literature review and case series. Life (Basel). 2023;13(4):1003. doi: 10.3390/life13041003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Cereja F, Alves M, Ferreira JJ, Caldeira D. Atrial fibrillation risk on Parkinson’s disease — a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2023;55(4):747–750. doi: 10.1007/s11239-023-02792-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Nzeako T, Adeniran O, Kahn S, Wimmer N. Trends, prevalence of bradyarrhythmia and pacemaker implantation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(7):252. doi: 10.3390/jcdd12070252</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Heimrich KG, Lehmann T, Schlattmann P, Prell T. Heart rate variability analyses in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Sci. 2021;11(8):959. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11080959</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Rabkin SW. The QT interval in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2024;21(9):855–864. doi: 10.26599/1671-5411.2024.09.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Василенко А.Ф., Шамуров Ю.С., Миронова Т.Ф. Активность синусового узла при болезни Паркинсона. Клиническая медицина. 2011;3:47–50. Vasilenko AF, Shamurov YuS, Mironova TF. Sinus node activity in Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Medicine. 2011;3:47–50. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
