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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1437</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1437</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NOJGQD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Cu<sup>2+</sup> on angiogenesis and nucleoli morphology of cultured endothelial cells of the rat cerebral cortex</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние Cu<sup>2+</sup> на ангиогенез и морфологию ядрышек культивированных эндотелиоцитов коры головного мозга крысы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2533-7673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stelmashook</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стельмашук</surname><given-names>Елена Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-0250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Genrikhs</surname><given-names>Elizaveta E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Генрихс</surname><given-names>Елизавета Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9109-1463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrova</surname><given-names>Olga P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Ольга Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, н. с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5434-963X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strizhkova</surname><given-names>Anna B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрижкова</surname><given-names>Анна Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, Department of cell biology and histology, Faculty of biology, laboratory researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент каф. клеточной биологии и гистологии биологического факультета, лаборант-исследователь лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9091-6974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapieva</surname><given-names>Alina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапиева</surname><given-names>Алина Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, Department of cell biology and histology, Faculty of biology, laboratory researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Research Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент каф. клеточной биологии и гистологии биологического факультета, лаборант-исследователь лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2833-2897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapkaeva</surname><given-names>Marina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капкаева</surname><given-names>Марина Рафаилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-1163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>Nickolay K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Николай Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of neurobiology and tissue engineering, Brain Institute, Associate Professor, Department of cell biology and histology, Faculty of biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга, доцент каф. клеточной биологии и гистологии биологического факультета</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-29"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-19"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Stelmashook E.V., Genrikhs E.E., Alexandrova O.P., Strizhkova A.B., Lapieva A.E., Kapkaeva M.R., Isaev N.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Стельмашук Е.В., Генрихс Е.Е., Александрова О.П., Стрижкова А.Б., Лапиева А.Е., Капкаева М.Р., Исаев Н.К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stelmashook E.V., Genrikhs E.E., Alexandrova O.P., Strizhkova A.B., Lapieva A.E., Kapkaeva M.R., Isaev N.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стельмашук Е.В., Генрихс Е.Е., Александрова О.П., Стрижкова А.Б., Лапиева А.Е., Капкаева М.Р., Исаев Н.К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1437">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1437</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Wilson–Konovalov disease is associated with impaired intracellular transport of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, resulting in increased concentrations of unbound copper in the blood, its accumulation in various organs and tissues, primarily the liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea. The resulting excess Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions in the brain leads to altered astrocyte morphology, enlarged microglia, edema of oligodendroglia, reduced neuronal count, and impaired permeability of microcirculatory vessels.</p> <p>The study <bold>aimed</bold> to determine how Cu<sup>2+</sup> excess affects angiogenesis and nucleoli in cultured rat cerebral cortex endothelial cells (ECs).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Copper chloride was added to the culture medium of rat cerebral cortex ECs at concentrations of 50–300 μM for 24 hours. Angiogenesis in cultures was studied using cultured rat brain ECs and the Angiogenesis Assay Kit. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT test, and nucleoli were stained with acridine orange.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The effect of Cu<sup>2+</sup> on cultured rat cerebral cortex ECs was examined. MTT assay of cultures showed reduced formazan production starting at Cu<sup>2+</sup> concentrations of 100 μM in the culture medium, indicating decreased cell viability. At this same concentration, Cu<sup>2+</sup> -induced impairment of angiogenesis was observed in EC cultures. At higher Cu<sup>2+</sup> concentrations (200 μM), surviving cells exhibited a statistically significant increase in nucleolar size to 1.71 ± 0.09 μm<sup>2</sup> compared to 1.33 ± 0.07 μm<sup>2</sup> in control cultures.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Thus, excess copper ions reduce angiogenesis and induce changes in ECs nucleoli, which may represent a universal cellular response associated with cell damage.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Болезнь Вильсона–Коновалова связана с нарушением внутриклеточного транспорта Cu<sup>2+</sup>, следствием чего является увеличение концентрации несвязанной меди в крови, накопление её в различных органах и тканях, прежде всего в печени, мозге, почках и роговице. Возникающий при этом заболевании избыток ионов Cu<sup>2+</sup> в головном мозге приводит к изменению формы астроцитов, увеличению размеров микроглии, отёку олигодендроглии, уменьшению числа нейронов, а также нарушению проницаемости сосудов микроциркуляторного русла.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>исследования — используя культивированные эндотелиоциты (ЭТ) коры головного мозга крыс, определить, как действует избыток Cu<sup>2+</sup> на ангиогенез и ядрышки ЭТ.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Хлорид меди вносили в среду культивирования ЭТ коры головного мозга крыс в концентрации 50–300 мкМ на 24 ч. Ангиогенез в культурах изучали, используя культивированные ЭТ головного мозга крыс и «Angiogenesis Assay Kit». Выживаемость клеток определяли, применяя МТТ-тест, ядрышки окрашивали акридиновым оранжевым.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Изучали влияние Cu<sup>2+</sup> на культивированные ЭТ коры головного мозга крыс. Исследование культур с помощью МТТ-метода показало уменьшение продукции формазана, начиная с концентрации Cu<sup>2+</sup> в среде культивирования 100 мкМ, что указывает на снижение выживаемости клеток. При этой же концентрации наблюдалось вызванное Cu<sup>2+</sup> нарушение ангиогенеза в культурах ЭТ. При действии более высоких концентраций Cu<sup>2+</sup> (200 мкМ) в ядрах выживших клеток наблюдалось статистически достоверное увеличение размеров ядрышек до 1,71 ± 0,09 мкм<sup>2</sup> по сравнению с 1,33 ± 0,07 мкм<sup>2</sup> в контрольных культурах.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Таким образом, избыток ионов меди снижает ангиогенез и вызывает изменения в ядрышках ЭТ, что может представлять собой универсальный клеточный ответ, связанный с клеточным повреждением.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>brain</kwd><kwd>endothelial cells</kwd><kwd>copper ions</kwd><kwd>angiogenesis</kwd><kwd>nucleolus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>головной мозг</kwd><kwd>эндотелиоциты</kwd><kwd>ионы меди</kwd><kwd>ангиогенез</kwd><kwd>ядрышко</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-25-00036</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 24-25-00036, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-00036/).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке РНФ (грант № 24-25-00036, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-00036/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Stuerenburg HJ. 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