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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZFNHLW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Functional mapping of the cerebral cortex in clinical practice. Modern technologies and development prospects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Функциональное картирование коры головного мозга в клинической практике. Современные технологии и перспективы развития</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5026-0060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinkin</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синкин</surname><given-names>Михаил Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, Emergency neurosurgery department; Head, Department of medical neurotechnology, Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, в. н. с. отд. неотложной нейрохирургии; зав. каф. медицинских нейротехнологий Института нейронаук и нейротехнологий</p></bio><email>mvsinkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9396-6063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kremneva</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кремнева</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Radiology department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, с. н. с. отд. лучевой диагностики Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1841-1177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poydasheva</surname><given-names>Alexandra G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пойдашева</surname><given-names>Александра Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), researcher, Noninvasive neuromodulation group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Rehabilitation Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, н. с. группы неинвазивной нейромодуляции Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>alexandra.poydasheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5938-9194</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skalnaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скальная</surname><given-names>Анастасия Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>neurologist, Neurosurgical department; junior researcher, Emergency neurosurgery department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-невролог; м. н. с. отд. неотложной нейрохирургии</p></bio><email>mvsinkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-0589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salomatina</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саломатина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>medical psychologist, Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute named after Professor A.L. Polenov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>медицинский психолог Российского научно-исследовательского нейрохирургического института им. проф. А. Л. Поленова</p></bio><email>mvsinkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи имени Н.В. Склифосовского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медико-хирургический центр имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-15"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Sinkin M.V., Kremneva E.I., Poydasheva A.G., Skalnaya A.A., Salomatina T.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Синкин М.В., Кремнева Е.И., Пойдашева А.Г., Скальная А.А., Саломатина Т.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sinkin M.V., Kremneva E.I., Poydasheva A.G., Skalnaya A.A., Salomatina T.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Синкин М.В., Кремнева Е.И., Пойдашева А.Г., Скальная А.А., Саломатина Т.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1475">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1475</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Localization of cerebral cortex function is essential in neurology, neurosurgery, and neurorehabilitation, and is a subject of study for brain–computer interface developers. The history of functional mapping spans more than 100 years. During this time, both invasive and noninvasive techniques have been developed; however, debate regarding their accuracy and reproducibility continues.</p> <p>The study <bold>aim</bold> is to provide a narrative review and critical evaluation of the various functional mapping technologies of the cerebral cortex used in neurosurgery and neurorehabilitation.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The analysis included invasive and noninvasive methods of the functional mapping of the cerebral cortex (FMCC): intraoperative electrical stimulation using a manually controlled stimulation probe; extraoperative electrical stimulation using invasive electrodes; navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation; functional electrocorticography based on γ-activity modulation; and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The practice of selecting tasks for non-motor mapping of the cerebral cortex and the Wada test for lateralization of cognitive functions are discussed. The specific features and applications of each method are described, along with the reasons for their limited diagnostic yield. Directions for clinical research and technological development in the field of FMCC are proposed.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Electrical stimulation of the brain remains the clinical gold standard for invasive FMCC; however, this method has significant limitations. Advances in other techniques allow the application of FMCC to be extended to patients with diverse baseline clinical characteristics. Common directions for advancing FMCC include the development of stimulus materials based on current knowledge of cognitive functions and their mapping potential, taking into account the specific features of each technique. A promising direction for advancement in FMCC is not the search for a universal method, but rather the integration of technologies and the creation of multimodal, integrative solutions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Персонализированная локализация функций коры головного мозга (КГМ) востребована в неврологии, нейрохирургии, нейрореабилитации и является предметом изучения разработчиков интерфейса мозг–компьютер. История функционального картирования насчитывает более 100 лет. За это время были разработаны как инвазивные, так и неинвазивные методики, однако дискуссия об их точности и воспроизводимости продолжается.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> работы является нарративная систематизация и критическая оценка информации о разных технологиях функционального картирования КГМ, используемых в нейрохирургии и нейрореабилитации.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В анализ были включены инвазивные и неинвазивные методы функционального картирования КГМ: интраоперационная электростимуляция с помощью стимуляционного зонда с ручным управлением, экстраоперационная электростимуляция с использованием инвазивных электродов, навигационная транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция, функциональная электрокортикография на основании модуляции γ-активности и функциональная магнитно-резонансная томография. Отдельно обсуждена практика подбора заданий для немоторного картирования КГМ и проведения теста Вады для латерализации когнитивных функций. Сформулированы особенности и области применения каждого из методов, объясняющие причины их недостаточной информативности. Предложены направления клинических исследований и развития технологий в области функционального картирования КГМ.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Электрическая стимуляция мозга остаётся клиническим золотым стандартом для инвазивного функционального картирования КГМ, однако метод имеет существенные ограничения. Разработка других методик позволяет расширить применение функционального картирования КГМ у пациентов с различными исходными клиническими данными. Общими направлениями развития области функционального картирования КГМ является разработка стимульного материала на основе современных данных о когнитивных функциях и возможностях их картирования с учётом особенностей каждой методики. Перспективным направлением в области функционального картирования КГМ является не поиск универсального метода, а объединение технологий и создание мультимодальных интегративных решений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cerebral cortex</kwd><kwd>functional mapping</kwd><kwd>electrical stimulation</kwd><kwd>functional magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation</kwd><kwd>functional electrocorticography</kwd><kwd>Wada test</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кора головного мозга</kwd><kwd>функциональное картирование</kwd><kwd>электростимуляция</kwd><kwd>функциональная магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>навигационная транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>функциональная электрокортикография</kwd><kwd>тест Вады</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">АНО «Московский центр инновационных технологий в здравоохранении»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Center for Innovative Technologies in Healthcare</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>2402-3/23</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Moscow Center for Innovative Technologies in Healthcare under Project No. 2402-3/23 “Development of a device for precision localization of functional areas of the cerebral cortex without the use of electrical stimulation”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках проекта № 2402-3/23 «Разработка устройства для прецизионной локализации функциональных зон коры головного мозга без использования электростимуляции», поддержанного АНО «Московский центр инновационных технологий в здравоохранении».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tyler KL, Malessa R. 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