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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1476</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1476</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QSGNUU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Brain–computer interface based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy integrated with plantar load simulator in post-stroke rehabilitation: a pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интерфейс мозг–компьютер на основе ближней инфракрасной спектроскопии, интегрированный с имитатором подошвенной нагрузки, в комплексе постинсультной двигательной реабилитации: пилотное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-5135</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokienko</surname><given-names>Olesya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокиенко</surname><given-names>Олеся Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), researcher, Group of neural interfaces, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Restorative Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>lesya.md@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7188-9365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pak</surname><given-names>Svatlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пак</surname><given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Group of neural interfaces, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Restorative Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>lesya.md@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6836-4386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ikonnikova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иконникова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Group of neural interfaces, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Restorative Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>ikonnikovaes@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8671-5861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyukmanov</surname><given-names>Roman Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Люкманов</surname><given-names>Роман Харисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Group of neural interfaces, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Restorative Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, рук. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>xarisovich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-5056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>Mikhail R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Михаил Романович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Department of brain-computer interfaces</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. отдела нейрокомпьютерных интерфейсов</p></bio><email>shycmympuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7019-474X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherkasova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черкасова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Group of neural interfaces, Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Restorative Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. группы нейроинтерфейсов Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>lesya.md@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-6362</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3223-6006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suponeva</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супонева</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Corr. Member of RAS, Director, Institute of Neurorehabilitation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, член-корр. РАН, директор Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>suponeva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-1043</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobrov</surname><given-names>Pavel D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бобров</surname><given-names>Павел Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Department of brain-computer interfaces</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. отдела нейрокомпьютерных интерфейсов</p></bio><email>bobrov_pd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neuroscience</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology and Neuroscience</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-23"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Mokienko O.A., Pak S.A., Ikonnikova E.S., Lyukmanov R.K., Isaev M.R., Cherkasova A.N., Suponeva N.A., Bobrov P.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Мокиенко О.А., Пак С.А., Иконникова Е.С., Люкманов Р.Х., Исаев М.Р., Черкасова А.Н., Супонева Н.А., Бобров П.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mokienko O.A., Pak S.A., Ikonnikova E.S., Lyukmanov R.K., Isaev M.R., Cherkasova A.N., Suponeva N.A., Bobrov P.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мокиенко О.А., Пак С.А., Иконникова Е.С., Люкманов Р.Х., Исаев М.Р., Черкасова А.Н., Супонева Н.А., Бобров П.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1476">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1476</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Gait disorders are a common and severe consequence of stroke, limiting patient autonomy and quality of life. A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) represents a promising technology for restoring motor functions; however, its application in gait rehabilitation remains insufficiently studied.</p> <p><bold>Study aim:</bold> To evaluate the clinical applicability and technical feasibility of an NIRS-based BCI technology combined with a pneumatic plantar support load simulator (pneumatic orthosis) as an adjunct to comprehensive motor rehabilitation in post-stroke patients.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Seventeen patients were enrolled in the pilot study, of whom 15 (median age 58.0 [47.0; 64.0] years, median time since stroke 6.0 [3.0; 9.0] months) completed a course of 7–13 (median 10 [9; 10]) training sessions with the NIRS-BCI–pneumatic orthosis technology in addition to a comprehensive motor rehabilitation program. Motor function was assessed using the Fugl–Meyer Assessment scale for the lower extremity, the 10-Meter Walk Test, and the Timed Up and Go test.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>A total of 147 NIRS-BCI–pneumatic orthosis training sessions were conducted, with a total median exposure of 229 minutes per patient. The median BCI classifier recognition rate for patients’ mental states was 54.93% [53.10; 69.70]. The median of the maximum achieved recognition rates was 75.57% [67.54; 87.14]. Characteristic hemodynamic activation patterns were identified in motor and associative cortical areas. Following the course, statistically significant improvements were noted on the Fugl–Meyer Assessment scale (from 19.0 [16.0; 24.0] to 24.0 [20.0; 25.0] points; p = 0.001) and the Timed Up and Go test (from 17.61 [14.21; 22.34] to 16.06 [13.00; 17.41] s; p = 0.041), but not on the 10-Meter Walk Test (p &gt; 0.05). Most patients tolerated the procedures satisfactorily; two participants withdrew early.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The clinical applicability and technical feasibility of the NIRS-BCI–pneumatic orthosis technology for post-stroke gait rehabilitation have been confirmed. Randomized controlled trials are required to assess its clinical efficacy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Нарушения ходьбы являются частым и тяжёлым последствием инсульта, ограничивающим автономию и качество жизни пациентов. Интерфейс мозг–компьютер (ИМК) на основе функциональной ближней инфракрасной спектроскопии (БИКС) представляет перспективную технологию для восстановления двигательных функций, однако её применение в реабилитации ходьбы остаётся недостаточно изученным.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>исследования: оценить клиническую применимость и техническую реализуемость технологии ИМК, основанного на БИКС, в сочетании с пневматическим имитатором опорной подошвенной нагрузки (пневмоортезом) как дополнение к комплексной двигательной реабилитации пациентов после инсульта.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В пилотное исследование включены 17 пациентов, из которых 15 (медиана возраста 58,0 [47,0; 64,0] лет, давности инсульта — 6,0 [3,0; 9,0] мес) завершили курс из 7–13 (медиана — 10 [9; 10]) тренировок с технологией БИКС-ИМК–пневмоортез в дополнение к комплексу двигательной реабилитации. Оценку двигательной функции проводили по шкале Фугл-Мейера для нижней конечности, 10-метровому тесту ходьбы и тесту «Встань и иди».</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Проведено 147 тренировок ИМК-БИКС–пневмоортез общей медианной экспозицией 229 мин на пациента. Медиана показателей распознавания классификаторов ИМК ментального состояния пациентов составила 54,93 [53,10; 69,70]%. Медиана максимальных достигнутых показателей распознавания — 75,57 [67,54; 87,14]%. Выявлены характерные гемодинамические паттерны активации в моторных и ассоциативных зонах коры. После курса отмечено статистически значимое улучшение по шкале Фугл-Мейера (с 19,0 [16,0; 24,0] до 24,0 [20,0; 25,0] баллов; p = 0,001) и тесту «Встань и иди» (с 17,61 [14,21; 22,34] до 16,06 [13,00; 17,41] с; p = 0,041), но не по 10-метровому тесту ходьбы (p &gt; 0,05). Большинство пациентов удовлетворительно переносили процедуры, досрочно выбыли 2 участника.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Подтверждена клиническая применимость и техническая реализуемость технологии БИКС-ИМК–пневмоортез для постинсультной реабилитации ходьбы. Необходимы рандомизированные контролируемые исследования для оценки клинической эффективности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>brain–computer interface</kwd><kwd>near-infrared spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>pneumatic orthosis</kwd><kwd>stroke</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>gait</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интерфейс мозг–компьютер</kwd><kwd>ближняя инфракрасная спектроскопия</kwd><kwd>пневмоортез</kwd><kwd>инсульт</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd><kwd>ходьба</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dobkin BH. Strategies for stroke rehabilitation. 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