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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.1507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GPCDAB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modeling an ataxic phenotype induced by combined administration of 3-acetylpyridine and lipopolysaccharide</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опыт моделирования атаксического фенотипа при сочетанном воздействии 3-ацетилпиридина и липополисахарида</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6853-4143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimov</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимов</surname><given-names>Андрей Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of experimental pathology of nervous system and neuropharmacology, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. экспериментальной патологии нервной системы и нейрофармакологии Института мозга</p></bio><email>drewgerasimov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-5322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory of neuromorphology, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. нейроморфологии Института мозга</p></bio><email>voronkov@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-3738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Potapov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потапов</surname><given-names>Иван Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of experimental pathology of nervous system and neuropharmacology, Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. экспериментальной патологии нервной системы и нейрофармакологии Института мозга</p></bio><email>alla_stav@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5653-5524</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>Anastasia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Кирилловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>research assistant, Laboratory of experimental pathology of nervous system and neuropharmacology<italic>, </italic>Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. экспериментальной патологии нервной системы и нейрофармакологии Института мозга</p></bio><email>pav_nastasya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8689-0934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stavrovskaya</surname><given-names>Alla V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ставровская</surname><given-names>Алла Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of experimental pathology of nervous system and neuropharmacology Brain Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, рук. лаб. экспериментальной патологии нервной системы и нейрофармакологии Института мозга</p></bio><email>alla_stav@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-6282</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarioshkin</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иллариошкин</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Full member of the RAS, Director, Brain Institute, Deputy director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор Института мозга, заместитель директора по научной работе</p></bio><email>marat.muhamedyarov@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-18"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Gerasimov A.A., Voronkov D.N., Potapov I.A., Pavlova A.K., Stavrovskaya A.V., Illarioshkin S.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Герасимов А.А., Воронков Д.Н., Потапов И.А., Павлова А.К., Ставровская А.В., Иллариошкин С.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gerasimov A.A., Voronkov D.N., Potapov I.A., Pavlova A.K., Stavrovskaya A.V., Illarioshkin S.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Герасимов А.А., Воронков Д.Н., Потапов И.А., Павлова А.К., Ставровская А.В., Иллариошкин С.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1507">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/1507</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Spinocerebellar ataxias lead to severe disability and impose a significant burden on healthcare systems. Experimental models are indispensable for reproducing the behavioral manifestations of ataxia and investigating novel therapeutic approaches; however, they do not fully replicate the entire spectrum of disease symptoms. Combined models are the most promising, as they more accurately reflect the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration.</p> <p><bold>Study aim</bold>: To assess the representativeness of the spinocerebellar ataxia phenotype model following combined exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) using behavioral tests.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study was conducted on male Wistar rats (n = 30), randomly assigned to 4 groups. Animals in the Control+LPS and LPS+3-AP groups received LPS (40 μg in 10 μL) via bilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection; rats in the Control and PS+3-AP groups received an equivalent volume of physiological saline. Three days later, animals in the PS+3-AP and LPS+3-AP groups received intraperitoneal injections of 3-AP (40 mg/kg); the Control and LPS+PS groups received physiological saline. The development of motor impairments was assessed using behavioral tests. Immunohistochemical methods were used to identify Purkinje cell (aldolase C) and microglial (IBA1) markers on cerebellar sections.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Body weight significantly decreased following combined exposure (p &lt; 0.01) and 3-AP alone (p &lt; 0.05), but not following LPS alone (p &gt; 0.05). Motor function impairments were significant in the LPS+3-AP and Control+3-AP groups (p &lt; 0.05). In the Control+LPS group, only isolated parameters showed significant changes compared to controls. Qualitative morphological analysis revealed more pronounced Purkinje cell dystrophy and microglial activation following combined exposure.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Combined exposure to LPS and 3-AP reproduces a more pronounced ataxic phenotype, indicating a possible sensitizing effect of neuroinflammation and supporting the utility of this model for further investigation of this process.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Спиноцеребеллярные атаксии приводят к тяжёлой инвалидизации и значительной нагрузке на систему здравоохранения. Экспериментальные исследования остаются незаменимым инструментом для воспроизведения поведенческих проявлений атаксии и изучения новых терапевтических подходов, однако не позволяют имитировать полный спектр симптомов заболевания. Наиболее перспективными являются комбинированные модели, которые точнее отражают сложные патогенетические механизмы нейродегенерации.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>исследования — оценка репрезентативности модели фенотипа спиноцеребеллярных атаксий при комбинированном воздействии липополисахарида (ЛПС) и 3-ацетилпиридина (3-АП) с использованием поведенческих тестов.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Работа проведена на самцах крыс Вистар (n = 30), случайным образом распределённых на 4 группы. Животным групп Контроль+ЛПС и ЛПС+3-АП вводили ЛПС (40 мкг в 10 мкл) интрацеребровентрикулярно билатерально, крысам групп Контроль и Контроль+3-АП — физиологический раствор в эквивалентном объёме. Через 3 дня животные групп Контроль+3-АП и ЛПС+3-АП получали внутрибрюшинно инъекции 3-АП (40 мг/кг), Контроль и ЛПС+К — физиологический раствор. Развитие моторных нарушений оценивали в поведенческих тестах. Иммуногистохимическим методом на срезах мозжечка выявляли маркеры клеток Пуркинье (альдолазу С) и микроглии (белок микроглии IBA1).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Масса тела значимо снижалась при комбинированном воздействии (p &lt; 0,01) и 3-АП (p &lt; 0,05), но не при ЛПС (p &gt; 0,05). Нарушения моторных функций были значимыми в группах ЛПС+3-АП и Контроль+3-АП (p &lt; 0,05). В группе Контроль+ЛПС значимые изменения по сравнению с контролем наблюдались лишь по отдельным показателям. Качественный морфологический анализ выявил более выраженную дистрофию клеток Пуркинье и активацию микроглии при сочетанном воздействии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Комбинированное воздействие ЛПС и 3-АП воспроизводит более выраженный атактический фенотип, указывая на возможный сенсибилизирующий эффект нейровоспаления и подтверждая перспективность модели для дальнейшего изучения этого процесса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spinocerebellar ataxia</kwd><kwd>animal models</kwd><kwd>3-acetylpyridine</kwd><kwd>motor dysfunction</kwd><kwd>lipopolysaccharides</kwd><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спиноцеребеллярная атаксия</kwd><kwd>модели на животных</kwd><kwd>моторные нарушения</kwd><kwd>3-ацетилпиридин</kwd><kwd>липополисахарид</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-15-00209</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was financially supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (No. 24-15-00209).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (№ 24-15-00209).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Платонов Ф.А., Иллариошкин С.Н., Кононова С.К. и др. 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