Annals of Clinical and Experimental NeurologyAnnals of Clinical and Experimental NeurologyАнналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии2075-54732409-2533Eco-Vector16310.17816/psaic163ReviewsОбзорыUnknownRegenerative potential of the brain: composition and forming of regulatory microenvironment in neurogenic nichesРегенеративный потенциал головного мозга: популяционный состав и формирование регуляторного микроокружения в нейрогенных нишахKomlevaYuliya K.КомлеваЮлия Константиновна
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruKuvachevaN. V.КувачеваН. В.
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruMalinovskayaN. A.МалиновскаяН. A.
Russian Federation
platonova@neurology.ruGorinaYana V.ГоринаЯна Валерьевна
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruLopatinaOlga L.ЛопатинаОльга Леонидовна
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruTeplyashinaE. A.ТепляшинаE. A.
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruPozhilenkovaE. A.ПожиленковаE. A.
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruZamayA. S.ЗамайA. С.
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruMorgunA. V.МоргунA. В.
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruSalminaAlla B.СалминаАлла Борисовна
Russian Federation
yuliakomleva@mail.ruVoyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical UniversityФГБОУ ВО «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого»0912201484445201022017Copyright ©; 2014, Komleva Y.K., Kuvacheva N.V., Malinocskaya N.A., Gorina Y.V., Lopatina O.L., Teplyashina E.A., Pozhilenkova E.A., Zamay A.S., Morgun A.V., Salmina A.B.Copyright ©; 2014, Komleva Y.K., Kuvacheva N.V., Malinocskaya N.A., Gorina Y.V., Lopatina O.L., Teplyashina E.A., Pozhilenkova E.A., Zamay A.S., Morgun A.V., Salmina A.B.2014Komleva Y.K., Kuvacheva N.V., Malinocskaya N.A., Gorina Y.V., Lopatina O.L., Teplyashina E.A., Pozhilenkova E.A., Zamay A.S., Morgun A.V., Salmina A.B.Komleva Y.K., Kuvacheva N.V., Malinocskaya N.A., Gorina Y.V., Lopatina O.L., Teplyashina E.A., Pozhilenkova E.A., Zamay A.S., Morgun A.V., Salmina A.B.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/163

An important mechanism of neuronal plasticity is neurogenesis, which occurs during the embryonic period, forming the brain and its structure, and in the postnatal period, providing repair processes and participating in the mechanisms of memory consolidation. Adult neurogenesis in mammals, including humans, is limited in two specific brain areas, the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles (subventricular zone) and the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (subgranular zone). Neural stem cells (NSC), self-renewing, multipotent progenitor cells, are formed in these zones. Neural stem cells are capable of differentiating into the basic cell types of the nervous system. In addition, NSC may have neurogenic features and non-specific non-neurogenic functions aimed at maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. The microenvironment formed in neurogenic niches has importance maintaining populations of NSC and regulating differentiation into neural or glial cells via cell-to-cell interactions and microenvironmental signals. The vascular microenvironment in neurogenic niches are integrated by signaling molecules secreted from endothelial cells in the blood vessels of the brain or by direct contact with these cells. Accumulation of astrocytes in neurogenic niches if also of importance and leads to activation of neurogenesis. Dysregulation of neurogenesis contributes to the formation of neurological deficits observed in neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting regulation of neurogenesis could be the basis of new protocols of neuroregeneration.

Важным механизмом нейрональной пластичности является нейрогенез, который протекает в эмбриональном периоде, формируя мозг и его структуры, и в постнатальном периоде, обеспечивая процессы репарации и участвуя в механизмах консолидации памяти. Взрослый нейрогенез млекопитающих, в том числе и человека, ограничен двумя конкретными зонами головного мозга – латеральными стенками боковых желудочков (субвентрикулярная зона) и зернистым слоем зубчатой извилины гиппокампа (субгранулярная зона). В данных зонах образуются самообновляющиеся, мультипотентные клетки-предшественники – нервные стволовые клетки (НСК), способные дифференцироваться в основные типы клеток нервной системы. НСК могут оказывать, помимо истинно нейрогенных функций, также широкий спектр неспецифических ненейрогенных функций, направленных на поддержание гомеостаза мозга. Важное значение имеет микроокружение, формируемое в нейрогенных нишах. Оно обеспечивает поддержание популяции нервных стволовых клеток и регулирует дифференциацию по нейронным или глиальным линиям через межклеточные взаимодействия и микросредовые сигналы. Создаваемое сосудистое микроокружение в нейрогенной нише интегрируется сигнальными молекулами, выделяемыми из эндотелиальных клеток в сосудах мозга или при непосредственном контакте с этими клетками. Имеет значение и аккумуляция астроцитов в нейрогенных нишах, что вызывает активацию нейрогенеза. Нарушениенейрогенеза способствует формированию неврологического дефицита, наблюдаемого при нейродегенеративных заболеваниях. Направленная регуляция нейрогенеза может стать основой новых протоколов нейрорегенерации.

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