<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">231</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic231</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of massive intracerebral hemorrhages in arterial hypertension</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Предикторы массивных кровоизлияний в головной мозг при артериальной гипертонии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulevskaya</surname><given-names>Tat'yana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гулевская</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ncnmaximova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7682-6672</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimova</surname><given-names>Marina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимова</surname><given-names>Марина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med), Prof., Head, 2nd Neurology department; professor, Division of diseases of the nervous system, Department of dentistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель 2-го неврологического отделения; профессор кафедры нервных болезней</p></bio><email>ncnmaximova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>A. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ncnmaximova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2013-09-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2013, Gulevskaya T.S., Maksimova M.Y., Romanova A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2013, Gulevskaya T.S., Maksimova M.Y., Romanova A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gulevskaya T.S., Maksimova M.Y., Romanova A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Gulevskaya T.S., Maksimova M.Y., Romanova A.V.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/231">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/231</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>In 125 autopsies cases of massive intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH), caused by arterial hypertension (AH), retrospective clinical analysis and macro- and microscopic investigation of brain and its vascular system were conducted. There were 54 females and 71 males aged from 21 to 75 (average age is 53±11). 78% of patients suffered from essential AH, 22% – from nephrogenic AH. In 50% of cases duration of AH was over 10 years. In 62% of cases the disease was severe, with uneffective treatment, and often hypertensive cerebral crises. Over 30% of these patients suffered from strokes. In all cases brain analysis showed large ICHs (over 40 cm3), which in 84% of cases were located in cerebral hemispheres (lateral ICHs – 49%, mixed – 38%, medial – 13%), in brainstem – 9%, and in cerebellum – 7%. In 79% of cases massive penetration of blood into ventricular system was noted. Macroscopic analysis revealed local brain changes in 63% of all cases: 35% in the form of large post-haemorrhagic cysts, 44% in the form of a single or multiple lacunar infarcts (LIs). In 38% of cases with multiple LIs lacunar condition of brain was diagnosed. In 16% of these cases both cysts and multiple LIs were revealed. Local changed were found in the same deep brain areas as ICHs: more often in basal ganglions and cerebral white matter, and less often – in thalamus, pons and cerebellum. In microscopic examination morphological changes characteristic of hypertensive angioencephalopathy were detected: LIs, incomplete necrosis foci, white matter spongiosis, perivascular encephalolysis foci, criblurs, microhemorrhages. Examination of hemorrhage foci revealed structural elements of LIs located on the edge and around hemorrhage. According to our data, we suppose, that previous local and diffuse brain tissue changes, which are typical for hypertensive angioencephalopathy and lacunar condition, are predictors of massive ICHs.</p>  <p> </p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проведены ретроспективный клинический анализ и морфологическое исследование головного мозга и его сосудистой системы в 125 секционных случаях с массивными интрацеребральными кровоизлияниями (ИК), обусловленными артериальной гипертонией (АГ). Среди умерших было 54 женщины и 71 мужчина в возрасте от 21 до 75 лет (средний возраст 53±11). Эссенциальная АГ диагностирована у 78% больных, вторичная АГ (нефрогенная) – у 22%. Длительность АГ в 50% случаев составляла свыше 10 лет. У 62% больных отмечалось тяжелое течение АГ, плохо поддающееся медикаментозной коррекции, с частыми гипертоническими церебральными кризами. Более 30% из них перенесли инсульт. При исследовании мозга во всех случаях выявлены обширные ИК (более 40 см3), которые в 84% случаев локализовались в полушариях большого мозга (латеральные – 49%, смешанные – 38%, медиальные – 13%), в 9% – в стволе мозга и в 7% – в мозжечке. В 79% случаев они сопровождались массивным прорывом крови в желудочковую систему. В 63% случаев макроскопически выявлены предшествующие инсульту очаговые изменения мозга: в 35% – в виде крупных постгеморрагических «ржавых» псевдокист, в 44% – одиночных или множественных лакунарных инфарктов (ЛИ), в 16% – их сочетание. Они локализовались, как и ИК, в глубинных отделах мозга: чаще всего в области базальных ядер, белом веществе полушарий, реже – в таламусе, мосту мозга и мозжечке. В 38% случаев диагностировано лакунарное состояние мозга. При микроскопическом исследовании выявлены изменения сосудов и ткани мозга, характерные для гипертонической ангиоэнцефалопатии: множественные ЛИ, очаги неполного некроза и периваскулярного энцефалолизиса, криблюры, микрокровоизлияния, спонгиоформные изменения белого вещества. Эти изменения предрасполагают к возникновению массивных ИК, способствуя распространению крови по предшествующим мелкоочаговым и диффузным изменениям ткани мозга, обусловленным АГ, при этом лакунарное состояние может рассматриваться в качестве предиктора тяжелого геморрагического инсульта.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intracerebral hemorrhages</kwd><kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd><kwd>hypertensive angioencephalopathy</kwd><kwd>lacunar condition of brain</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кровоизлияние в мозг</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертония</kwd><kwd>гипертоническая ангиоэнцефалопатия</kwd><kwd>лакунарное состояние мозга</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Брюхов В.В., Максимова М.Ю., Коновалов Р.Н., Кротенкова М.В. Современные возможности визуализации гипертензивных супратенториальных внутримозговых кровоизлияний. Неврол. журн. 2007; 6: 36–42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Верещагин Н.В., Моргунов В.А., Гулевская Т.С. Патология головного мозга при атеросклерозе и артериальной гипертонии. М.: Медицина, 1997.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Гулевская Т.С. Морфологические основы дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии при артериальной гипертонии. В кн.: Сб. статей и тезисов II Национального конгресса «Кардионеврология» (под ред. З.А. Суслиной, М.А. Пирадова, А.В. Фонякина). М., 4–5 декабря, 2012: 23–29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Гулевская Т.С., Людковская И.Г. Артериальная гипертония и патология белого вещества головного мозга. Арх. пат. 1992; 2: 53–59.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Гулевская Т.С., Моргунов В.А. Патологическая анатомия нарушений мозгового кровообращения при атеросклерозе и артериальной гипертонии. Руководство для врачей. М.: Медицина, 2009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Зайратьянц О.В. Анализ смертности, летальности, числа аутопсий и качества клинической диагностики в Москве за последнее десятилетие (1991–2000 гг.). Арх. пат. Приложение. М.: Медицина, 2002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Кистенев Б.А., Максимова М.Ю., Брюхов В.В. Варианты нарушений мозгового кровообращения при артериальной гипертонии. Анн. клин. и эксперимент. неврол. 2007; 3: 49–55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Колтовер А.Н., Людковская И.Г., Гулевская Т.С. и др. Гипертоническая ангиоэнцефалопатия в патологоанатомическом аспекте. Журн. невропатол. и психиатр. 1984; 7: 1016–1020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Колтовер А.Н., Моргунов В.А., Людковская И.Г. и др. Гипертоническая ангиопатия головного мозга. Арх. пат. 1986; 11:34–39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Людковская И.Г., Гулевская Т.С., Моргунов В.А. Деструктивные изменения средней оболочки интрацеребральных артерий при артериальной гипертензии. Арх. пат. 1982; 9: 66–72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Моргунов В.А., Гулевская Т.С. Лакунарное состояние и кровоизлияние в головной мозг. Арх. пат. 1980; 9: 23–28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Пирадов М.А. Геморрагический инсульт: новые подходы к диагностике и лечению. Атмосфера. Нервные болезни. 2005; 1:17–19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Суслина З.А., Варакин Ю.Я., Верещагин Н.В. Сосудистые заболевания головного мозга. Эпидемиология. Основы профилактики. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Ширшов А.В., Добжанский Н.В., Пирадов М.А., Верещагин Н.В. Современные подходы к хирургическому лечению спонтанных кровоизлияний в мозг. В кн.: Очерки ангионеврологии (под ред З.А. Суслиной). М.: Атмосфера, 2005: 222–230.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Broderick J., Connolly S., Feldmann E. et al. Guidenlines for management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults. Update. Stroke. 2007; 38 (6): 2001–2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Carey C., Kramer J., Josephson S. et al. Subcortical lacunes are associated with executive dysfunction in cognitively normal elderly. Stroke. 2008; 39 (2): 397–402.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Das R., Seshadri S., Beiser A. et al. Prevalence and correlates of silent cerebral infarcts in the framingham offspring study. Stroke. 2008; 39 (11): 2929–2935.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Doubal F., Maclullich A., Ferguson K. et al. Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2010; 41 (3): 450–454.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Eguchi K., Kario K., Shimada K. Greater impact of coexistence of hypertension and diabetes on silent cerebral infarcts. Stroke. 2003; 34 (10): 2471–2474.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Fisher M., Vasilevko V., Cribbs D. Mixed Cerebrovascular disease and the future of stroke prevention. Transl. Stroke Res. 2012; 3 (Suppl.1): S39–S51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Folsom A., Yatsuya H., Mosley T. et al. Risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage with magnetic resonance imaging-defined leukoaraiosis and brain infarcts. Ann Neurol. 2012; 71 (4): 552–559.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Gebel J., Broderick J. Intracerebral haemorrhage. J. of Clinical Neurology. 2000; 18: 419–438.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Giele J., Witkamp T., Mali W., Van der Graaf Y. Silent brain infarcts in patients with manifest vascular disease. Stroke. 2004; 35 (3): 742–746.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Gorelick P., Bowler J. Advances in Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Stroke, 2010; 41: e93-e98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Gorter J.W., Algra A., Van Gijn J. et al. Study group. SPIRIT: predictors of anticoagulant-related bleeding complications in patients after cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 1997; 7 (4): 3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Gouw A., Van der Flier W., Pantoni L. et al. On the etiology of incident brain lacunes. longitudinal observations from the LADIS study. Stroke. 2008; 39 (11): 3083–3085.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Gregoire S., Brown M., Kallis C. et al. MRI Detection of new microbleeds in patients with ischemic stroke. Five-year cohort followup study. Stroke. 2010; 41 (1): 184–186.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Grinberg L., Thal D. Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol. 2010; 119: 277–290.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Inzitari D., Diaz F., Fox A. et al. Vascular risk factors and leukoaraiosis. Arch. Neurol. 1987; 44: 42–47.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Jackson C., Hutchison A., Dennis M. et al. Differing risk factor of ischemic stroke subtypes. Evidence for a distinct lacunar arteriopathy? Stroke. 2010; 41 (4): 624–629.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kang D., Han M., Kim H. et al. New ischemic lesions coexisting with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2012; 79 (9): 848–855.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Knottnerus I., Govers-Riemslag J., Hamulyak K. et al. Endothelial activation in lacunar stroke subtypes. Stroke. 2010; 41 (8): 1617–1622.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Kwon H., Kim B., Lee S. et al. Metabolic syndrom as an independent risk factor of silent brain infarction in healthy people. Stroke. 2006; 37 (2): 466–470.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Lou M., Al-Hazzani A., Goddeau R. et al. Relationship between white-matter hyperintensities and hematoma volume and growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2010; 41 (1): 34–40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>MacLullich A., Ferguson K., Reid L. et al. Higher systolic blood pressure is associated with increased water diffusivity in normal-appearing white matter. Stroke. 2009; 40 (12): 3869–3871.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Menon R., Burgess R., Wing J. et al. Predictors of highly prevalent brain ischemia in intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2012; 71 (2): 199–205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Pantoni L. Leukoaraiosis: From an ancient term to an actual marker of poor prognosis. Stroke. 2008; 39 (5): 1401–1403.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Potter G., Doubal F., Jackson C. et al. Counting cavitating lacunes underestimates the burden of lacunar infarction. Stroke. 2010; 41 (2): 267–272.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Schmidt R., Petrovic K., Ropele S. et al. Progression of leukoaraiosis and cognition. Stroke. 2007; 38 (9): 2619–2625.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Smith E., Nandigam K., Chen Y. et al. MRI markers of small vessel disease in lobar and deep hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2010; 41 (9): 1933–1938.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Staals J., Oostenbrugge R., Knottnerus I. et al. Brain microbleeds relate to higher ambulatory blood pressure levels in first-ever lacunar stroke patiens. Stroke. 2009; 40 (10): 3264–3268.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Thijs V., Lemmens R., Schoofs C. et al. Microbleeds and the risk of recurrent stroke. Stroke. 2010; 41 (9): 2005–2009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Van Dijk E., Prins N., Vrooman H. et al. Progression of cerebral small vessel disease in relation to risk factors and cognitive consequences. Rotterdam scan study. Stroke. 2008; 39 (10): 2712–2719.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Wardlaw J. What is a lacune? Stroke. 2008; 39 (11): 2921–2922.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Wardlaw J., Sandercock P., Dennis M., Starr J. Is breakdown of the blood-brain barrier responsible for lacunar stroke, leukoaraiosis, and dementia? Stroke. 2003; 34 (3): 806–812.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Woo D., Haverbusch M., Sekar P. et al. Effect of untreated hypertension on hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. 2004; 35 (7): 1703–1708.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Wright C., Moon Y., Paik M. et al. Inflammatory biomarkers of vascular risk as correlates of leukoariosis. Stroke. 2009; 40 (11): 3466–3471.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Yakushiji Y., Nishiyama M., Yakushiji S. et al. Brain microbleeds and global cognitive function in adults without neurological disorder. Stroke. 2008; 39 (12): 3323–3328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Yamada S., Saiki M., Satow T. et al. Periventricular and deep white matter leukoaraiosis have a closer association with cerebral microbleeds than age. European Journal of Neurology. 2012; 19: 98–104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Y., Dufouil C., Tzourio C., Chabriat H. Silent brain infarcts. A review of MRI diagnostic criteria. Stroke. 2011; 42 (4): 1140–1145.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Y., Tzourio C., Soumare A. et al. Severity of dilated virchowrobin spaces is associated with age, blood pressure, and MRI markers of small vessel disease: a population-based study. Stroke. 2010; 41 (11): 2483–2490.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Zia E., Hedblad B., Pessah-Rasmussen H. et al. Blood pressure in relation to the incidence of cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertensive hemorrhage: debated nomenclature is still relevant. Stroke. 2007; 38 (10): 2681–2685</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
