<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">262</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic262</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Technologies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Технологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">New step to a personalized medicine. Navigation transcranial magnetic stimulation (NBS eXimia Nexstim)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новый шаг к персонифицированной медицине. Навигационная система транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции (NBS eXimia Nexstim)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chervyakov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Червяков</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-0392</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Piradov</surname><given-names>Michail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пирадов</surname><given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, профессор, д.м.н., директор</p></bio><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savitskaya</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савицкая</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черникова</surname><given-names>Людмила Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kremneva</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кремнева</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Reseach Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, Chervyakov A.V., Piradov M.A., Savitskaya N.G., Chernikova L.A., Kremneva E.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Chervyakov A.V., Piradov M.A., Savitskaya N.G., Chernikova L.A., Kremneva E.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chervyakov A.V., Piradov M.A., Savitskaya N.G., Chernikova L.A., Kremneva E.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Chervyakov A.V., Piradov M.A., Savitskaya N.G., Chernikova L.A., Kremneva E.I.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/262">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/262</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Navigation transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain (nTMS) NBS eXimia Nexstim – new method based on the stimulation of neurons by an alternating magnetic field and recording responses to stimulation with electromyography. Precise guidance of the stimulus to a particular area of the cerebral cortex the patient, repeat the stimulus, somatotopical mapping of motor areas are features of this method. These characteristics are achieved by a special navigation system that compares patient’s head with the anatomical MRI image and the location of stimulating magnetic coil. This review presents the current possibilities of the navigation TMS method in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases; our own local experience with the system.</p>  <p> </p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Навигационная транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция мозга (нТМС) NBS eXimia Nexstim – новый метод, основанный на стимуляции нейронов головного мозга переменным магнитным полем и регистрации ответов на стимуляцию с помощью электромиографии. Особенностью данного метода является точное наведение стимула на конкретную область коры головного мозга пациента, возможность повторения стимулов, соматотопическое картирование моторных зон. Данные характеристики достигаются благодаря специальной навигационной системе, сопоставляющей голову пациента с анатомическим изображением на МРТ и расположением стимулирующей магнитной катушки. В обзоре представлены современные возможности метода нТМС в диагностике и лечении неврологических заболеваний, собственный локальный опыт применения системы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transcranial magnetic stimulation</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>motor response</kwd><kwd>TMS-EEG</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>персонифицированная медицина</kwd><kwd>вызванный моторный ответ</kwd><kwd>ТМС-ЭЭГ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Бехтерева Н.П. Лечебная электрическая стимуляция мозга и нервов человека / под общ. ред. Н.П. Бехтеревой. М.: АСТ; СПб.: Сова; Владимир: ВКТ, 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Бехтерева Н.П., Грачев К.В., Орлова А.Н., Яцук С.Л. Использование множественных электродов, вживленных в подкорковые образования головного мозга человека для лечения гиперкинеза. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии 1963; 63 (1): 3–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Бинги В.Н., Савин А.В. Физические проблемы действия слабых магнитных полей на биологические системы. Успехи физических наук 2003; 173 (3): 265–300.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Бучаченко А.Л. Магнитные взаимодействия в химических реакциях. Физическая химия «Современные проблемы» под ред. акад. Я.М. Колотыркина. М., 1980: 7–48.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Бучаченко А.Л., Кузнецов Д.А. Магнитный изотопный эффект магния – ключ к механохимии фосфорилирующих ферментов как молекулярных машин. Молекулярная биология, 2006; 40 (1): 12–19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Кандель Э.И. Паркинсонизм и его хирургическое лечение. М.: Медицина, 1965.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Никитин С.С., Куренков А.Л. Магнитная стимуляция в диагностике и лечении болезней нервной системы. Руководство для врачей. М: САШКО, 2003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Чутко Л.С., Сурушкина С.Ю., Яковенко Е.А. и др. Применение транскраниальной микрополяризации в лечении синдрома дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью. Журн. Нейрохирургия и неврология детского возраста 2007; 1: 35–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Allen E.A., Pasley B.N., Duong T., Freeman R.D. Transcranial magnetic stimulation elicits coupled neural and hemodynamic consequences. Science 2007; 317: 1918–1921.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Amico L., Fazio R., Osterloh A., Vedral V. Entanglement in Many- Body Systems. Reviews of modern physics, 2008. Vol. 80; 2: 517–576.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Andre-Obadia N., Peyron R., Mertens P. et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacy. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117: 1536–1544.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Barker A.T., Jalinous R., Freeston I.L. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1985; 1: 1106–1107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bender S., Basseler K., Sebastian I. et al. Electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in children: Evidence for giant inhibitory potentials. 2005. Ann Neurol 58: 58–67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Boggio P.S., Fregni F., Bermpohl F. et al. Effect of repetitive TMS and fluoxetine on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease and concurrent depression. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 1178–1184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Bonnard M., Spieser L., Meziane H.B. et al. Prior intention can locally tune inhibitory processes in the primary motor cortex: direct evidence from combined TMS-EEG. Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Sep; 30 (5): 913–923.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Brasil-Neto J.P., McShane L.M., Fuhr P. et al. Topographic mapping of the human motor cortex with magnetic stimulation: factors affecting accuracy and reproducibility. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 85: 9–16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Brighina F., Piazza A., Vitello G. et al. rTMS of the prefrontal cortex in the treatment of chronic migraine: a pilot study. J Neurol Sci 2004; 227: 67–71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Brignani D., Manganotti P., Rossini P.M., Miniussi C.Modulation of cortical oscillatory activity during transcranial magnetic stimulation. 2008. Hum Brain Mapp 29: 603–612.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Centonze D., Petta F., Versace V. et al. Effects of motor cortex rTMS on lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007 Mar;13 (2): 269–271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Chen R., Cros D., Curra A. et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 504–532.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Cho S.S., Strafella A.P. rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates dopamine release in the ipsilateral anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. PLoS One. 2009 Aug 21; 4 (8).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Cracco R.Q., Amassian V.E., Maccabee P.J., Cracco J.B. Comparison of human transcallosal responses evoked by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989; 74: 417–424.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Cykowski M.D., Coulon O., Kochunov P.V. et al. The central sulcus: an observer-independent characterization of sulcal landmarks and depth asymmetry. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18: 1999–2009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Day B.L., Dressler D., Maertens de Noordhout A. et al. Electric and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor unit responses. J Physiol 1989; 412: 449–473.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>De Ridder D., van der Loo E., Van der Kelen K. et al. Theta, alpha and beta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: brain modulation in tinnitus. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4: 237–241.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Dell’Osso B., Mundo E., D’Urso N. et al. Augmentative repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 76–81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Di Lazzaro V., Pilato F., Profice P. et al. Motor cortex stimulation for ALS: a double blind placebo-controlled study. Neurosci Lett. 2009 Oct 16; 464 (1): 18–21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Dileone M., Profice P., Pilato F. et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for ALS. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Jul; 9 (3): 331–334.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Elahi B., Elahi B., Chen R. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function—systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Mov Disord. 2009 Feb 15; 24 (3): 357–363.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Esser S.K., Huber R., Massimini M. et al. A direct demonstration of cortical LTP in humans: a combined TMS/EEG study. Brain Res Bull 2006, 69: 86–94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Forster M.T., Gasser T., Hattingen E. et al. TMS as a part of multimodal management of safe glioma resection in the motor cortex. In: DGNC, Munster. Dusseldorf: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; 2009 [Doc MO.06–01].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Forster M.T., Hattingen E., Senft C. et al. Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging – advanced adjuncts in preoperative planning for central region tumors. Neurosurgery. 2011 Jan 26.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Fregni F., Boggio P.S., Mansur C.G. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neuroreport 2005; 16: 1551–1555.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Fregni F., Santos C.M., Myczkowski M.L. et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1171–1174.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Fuggetta G., Fiaschi A., Manganotti P. Modulation of cortical oscillatory activities induced by varying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity over the left primary motor area: a combined EEG and TMS study. 2005. Neuroimage 27:896–908.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Fujiki M., Hikawa T., Abe T. et al. Navigated brain stimulation for preoperative anatomic and functional identification of impaired motor cortex in a patient with meningioma. Neurosurg Quart 2007; 17: 33–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Green M.F., Nuechterlein K.H. Cortical oscillations and schizophrenia: timing is of the essence. 1999. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1007–1008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 2007, 55: 187–199.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hannula H., Ylioja S., Pertovaara A. et al. Somatotopic blocking of sensation with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 26: 100–109.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Herbsman T., Avery D., Ramsey D. et al. More lateral and anterior prefrontal coil location is associated with better repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation antidepressant response. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66: 509–515.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Huber R., Esser S.K., Ferrarelli F. TMS-induced cortical potentiation during wakefulness locally increases slow wave activity during sleep. 2007. PLoS One 2: e276.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Huber R., Määttä S., Esser S.K. et al. Measures of cortical plasticity after transcranial paired associative stimulation predict changes in electroencephalogram slow-wave activity during subsequent sleep. 2008. J Neurosci 28: 7911–7918.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Huerta T.P., Volpe T.B. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, synaptic plasticity and network oscillations Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2009, 6: 7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Irlbacher K., Kuhnert J., Roricht S. et al. Central and peripheral deafferent pain: therapy with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nervenarzt 2006; 77: 1196, 1198–1203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Julkunen P., Jauhiainen A.M., Westerén-Punnonen S. et al. Navigated TMS combined with EEG in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Jul 30; 172 (2): 270–276.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Keller S.S., Highley J.R., Garcia-Finana M. et al. Sulcal variability, stereological measurement and asymmetry of Broca’s area on MR images. J Anat 2007; 211: 534–555.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Khedr E.M., Kotb H., Kamel N.F. et al. Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 833–838.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kičic D. Probing cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ph.D. Thesis. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo 2009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Kim Y.H., You S.H., Ko M.H. et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke. Stroke 2006; 37: 1471–1476.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Kleinjung T., Steffens T., Londero A., Langguth B. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment of chronic tinnitus: clinical effects. Prog Brain Res 2007; 166: 359–367.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Komssi S., Saolainen P., Heiskala J., Kähkönen S. Excitation threshold of the motor cortex estimated with transcranial magnetic stimulation electroencephalography. 2007. Neuroreport 18: 13–16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Langguth B., Kleinjung T., Marienhagen J. et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: effects on cortical excitability. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8: 45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Lefaucheur J.P., Drouot X., Keravel Y., Nguyen J.P. Pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of precentral cortex. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 2963–2965.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Lefaucheur J.P., Drouot X., Menard-Lefaucheur I., Nguyen J.P. Neuropathic pain controlled for more than a year by monthly sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiol Clin 2004; 34: 91–95.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Lioumis P., Kičic. D., Savolainen P. et al. Reproducibility of TMSevoked EEG responses. 2009. Hum Brain Mapp 30: 1387–1396.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Lomarev M.P., Kanchana S., Bara-Jimenez W. et al. Placebo-controlled study of rTMS for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 325–331.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Lotze M., Kaethner R.J., Erb M. et al. Comparsion of representational maps using functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin. Neuropysiol. 2003; 114: 306–312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Mansur C.G., Fregni F., Boggio P.S. et al. A sham stimulation-controlled trial of rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neurology 2005; 64: 1802–1804.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Machado S., Bittencourt J., Minc D. et al. Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical neurorehabilitation. Funct Neurol. 2008 Jul-Sep; 23 (3): 113–122.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Massimini M., Ferrarelli F., Huber R. et al. Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. 2005. Science 309: 2228–2232.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Medina F.J., Túnez I. Huntington’s disease: the value of transcranial meganetic stimulation. Curr Med Chem. 2010; 17 (23): 2482–2491.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Neuvonen T., Niskanen E., Hannula H. et al. Functional MRI agrees with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation in primary motor cortex localization. In: Congress of Neurological Surgeons. 2009. New Orleans, 24–29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Pascual-Leone A., Davey N., Rothwell J. et al. Puri BK: Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation London: Hodder Arnold; 2002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Penfield W., Jasper H. Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown &amp; Co; 1954.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Pfurtscheller G., Lopes da Silva F.H. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. 1999. Clin Neurophysiol 110: 1842–1857.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Picht T., Frey D., Schmidt S. et al. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation for preoperative functional diagnostics in brain tumor surgery. In: Congress of Neurological Surgeons. 2009. New Orleans, October 24–29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Quartarone A., Bagnato S., Rizzo V. et al. Distinct changes in cortical and spinal excitability following highfrequency repetitive TMS to the human motor cortex. 2005. Exp Brain Res 161: 114–124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Reutens D.C., Puce A., Berkovic S.F. Cortical hyperexcitability in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1993; 43: 186–192.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Risto J., Ilmoniemi R.J., Dubravko, Kičić D. Methodology for Combined TMS and EEG Brain Topogr. 2010 January; 22 (4): 233–248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Rosanova M., Casali A., Bellina V. et al. Natural frequencies of human corticothalamic circuits. 2009. J Neurosci 29: 7679–7685.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Ruohonen J., Ilmoniemi R.J. Modeling of the stimulating field generation in TMS. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1999; 51: 30–40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Ruohonen J., Karhu J. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010, 40: 7–17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Sampson S.M., Rome J.D., Rummans T.A. Slow-frequency rTMS reduces fibromyalgia pain. Pain Med 2006; 7: 115–118.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Siegel A., Sapru H.N. Essential neuroscience. Lippincott; 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Steinmetz H., Furst G., Freund H.J. Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11: 1123–1130.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Teitti S., Määttä S., Saisanen L. et al. Non-primary motor areas in the human frontal lobe are connected directly to hand muscles. Neuroimage 2008; 40: 1243–1250. Epub 2008 Jan 17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Thickbroom G.W., Byrnes M.L., Mastaglia F.L. Methodology and application of TMS mapping. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 1999a; 51 (Suppl.): 48–54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Trachina D., Nicholson C. A model for the polarization of neurons by extrinsically applied electric fields. Biophys J 1986; 50: 1139–1156.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Valero-Cabre A., Payne B.R., Rushmore J. et al. Impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex on metabolic brain activity: a 14C-2DG tracing study in the cat. Exp Brain Res 2005, 163: 1–12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Veniero D., Bortoletto M., Miniussi C. TMS-EEG co-registration: on TMS-induced artifact. 2009 Clin Neurophysiol 120: 1392–1399.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Vitikainen A.M., Lioumis P., Paetau R. et al. Combined use of noninvasive techniques for improved functional localization for a selected group of epilepsy surgery candidates. Neuroimage 2009; 45: 342–348. 82. Vedral V. Quantifying entanglement in macroscopic systems. Nature. 2008 Jun 19; 453 (7198): 1004–1007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Wagner T., Valero-Cabre A., Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007, 9: 527–565.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Williams A.J., Imamura M., Fregni F. Updates on the use of noninvasive brain stimulation in physical and rehabilitation medicine. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41: 305–311.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Zorowitz R., Brainin M. Advances in brain recovery and rehabilitation 2010. Stroke. 2011; 42: 2: 294–297.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
