<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">268</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic268</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical analysis</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинический разбор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical polymorphism of cerebrovascular disease in pathology of the brachio-cephalic arteries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинический полиморфизм цереброваскулярных заболеваний при патологии брахиоцефальных артерий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-8119</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tanashyan</surname><given-names>Marine M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Танашян</surname><given-names>Маринэ Мовсесовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Corresponding member of RAS, Deputy Director for science, Head, 1<sup>st</sup> Neurological department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, зам. директора по научной работе, рук. 1-го неврологического отделения</p></bio><email>M_Tanashyan2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-4991</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagoda</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагода</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, 1<sup>st</sup> Neurological department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с. 1-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>M_Tanashyan2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chervyakov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Червяков</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>M_Tanashyan2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-06-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, Tanashyan M.M., Lagoda O.V., Chervyakov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Tanashyan M.M., Lagoda O.V., Chervyakov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tanashyan M.M., Lagoda O.V., Chervyakov A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Tanashyan M.M., Lagoda O.V., Chervyakov A.V.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/268">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/268</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cerebrovascular diseases are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease among adults. Generalized atherosclerosis is the most frequent basis for vascular lesions of the brain, leading to the development of acute and chronic disorders of cerebral circulation. Polymorphism of clinical symptoms caused not only by lesions of the brachio-cephalic arteries, but also by simultaneous involvement in the variable-degree atherosclerotic rocess of other vessels, is often responsible for diagnostic difficulties. In the paper, a number of case reports describing patients with advanced atherosclerotic lesions of different vascular systems and marked variability of clinical manifestations are presented. Discussed are questions of rational diagnosis and general approaches to treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as questions of asymptomatic brachio-cephalic stenosis, “silent” brain infarcts and risk factors for atherosclerosis.</p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цереброваскулярные заболевания – важнейшая причина заболеваемости и смертности от сердечно-сосудистой патологии среди взрослого населения. Наиболее часто основой поражения сосудистой системы мозга, приводящей к развитию острых и хронических форм нарушений мозгового кровообращения (НМК), является генерализованный атеросклероз. Полиморфизм клинической симптоматики, обусловленный не только поражением брахиоцефальных артерий, но и одновременным вовлечением в атеросклеротический процесс различной степени выраженности других сосудов, обусловливает нередкие трудности диагностики. В статье приведены наблюдения за пациентами с распространенным атеросклеротическим поражением различных сосудистых бассейнов и выраженной вариабельностью клинических проявлений. Обсуждаются вопросы рациональной диагностики и общие подходы к лечению атеросклероза, а также вопросы асимптомных стенозов брахиоцефальных артерий, «немых» инфарктов мозга и факторов риска развития атеросклероза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>brachio-cephalic arteries</kwd><kwd>clinical polymorphism</kwd><kwd>asymptomatic stenosis</kwd><kwd>"silent" brain infarcts brain infarcts</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>брахиоцефальные артерии</kwd><kwd>клинический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>асимптомный стеноз</kwd><kwd>«немые» инфаркты мозга</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Верещагин Н.В. Гетерогенность инсульта: взгляд с позиции клинициста. Инсульт. Приложение к Журн. неврол. и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2003; 9: 8–10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ворлоу Ч.П., Деннис М.С., ван Гейн Ж. и др. Инсульт: Практическое руководство для ведения больных. СПб, 1998.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Гуревич В.С. Современные представления о патогенезе атеросклероза. Болезни сердца и сосудов 2006; 4: 16–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Гусев Е.И. Проблема инсульта в России. Инсульт. Приложение к Журн. неврол. и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2003; 9: 3–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Джибладзе Д.Н., Красников А.В., Лагода О.В., Бархатов Д.Ю. Асимптомные стенозы артерий каротидного бассейна. Атмосфера. Нервные болезни 2005; 2: 26–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Джибладзе Д.Н., Кугоев А.И., Лагода О.В. Атеросклеротическое поражение сонных артерий в патогенезе «немых» инфарктов в полушариях головного мозга. Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия 1997; 3: 47–54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Кузнецов А.Н. Современные принципы лечения мультифокального атеросклероза. Вестник Национального медико-хирургического центра им. Н.И. Пирогова 2008; 1: 78–83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Мартынов А.И., Шмырев В.И., Остроумова О.Д. и др. Особенности поражения белого вещества головного мозга у пожилых больных с артериальной гипертензией. Клин. мед. 2000; 6: 11–15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Мищенко Т.С. Лечение и вторичная профилактика ишемического инсульта. Журн. практич. врача 2005; 2: 8–16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Панченко Е.П., Беленков Ю.Н. Характеристика и исходы атеротромбоза у амбулаторных больных в Российской Федерации (по материалам международного регистра REACH). Кардиология 2008; 2: 17–24.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Панченко Е.П., Комаров А.Л. Частота поражений различных сосудистых бассейнов и медикаментозное лечение больных с высоким риском атеротромботических осложнений. Российские результаты международного исследования AGATHA. Кардиология 2004; 11: 39–44.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Суслина З.А., Пирадов М.А. (ред.) Инсульт: диагностика, лечение, профилактика. М.: МИА, 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Танашян М.М., Лагода О.В., Клименко И.С. и др. Асимптомные стенозы сонных артерий: еще один взгляд на проблему. Анн. клин. эксперимент. неврол. 2009; 2: 17–20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Abu-Judeh H.H., Abdel-Dayem H.M., El-Zeftawy H., Kumar M. Cerebral perfusion imaging in asymptomatic carotid artery occlusion following gun shot. J. Nucl. Med. 1998; 39: 629–631.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Anitschkow N., Chalatow S. Ueber experimentelle Cholesterinsteatose und ihre Bedeutung fuer die Entstehung einiger pathologischer Prozesse. Zentrbl. Allg. Pathol. Pathol. Anat. 1913; 24: 1–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Annet Waaijer Changes in cerebral perfusion after revascularization of symptomatic carotid artery stenosis: CT measurement. Radiology 2007; 245: 541–548.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Becker F., Loppinet A. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis at high risk of ipsilateral cerebro-vascular events. Ann. Cardiol. Angiol. 2004; 53: 34–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Berliner J.A., Navab M., Fogelman A.M. et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation 1995; 91: 2488–2496.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bhatt D.L. et al., for the REACH Registry Investigators. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2006; 295: 180–189.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events. Lancet 1996; 348: 1329–1339.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>CASANOVA Study Group. Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 1991; 22: 1229–1235.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Criqui M.H., Langer R.D., Fronek A. et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992; 326: 381–386.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Dormandy J., Mahir M., Ascady G. et al. Fate of the patient with chronic leg ischemia. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1989; 30: 50–57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>European guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention in clinical practice. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prevent. Rehabil. 2003; 10 (Suppl.1): S1–S78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Fernando M.S., Simpson J.E., Matthews F. et al. White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: molecular pathology suggests origin from chronic hypoperfusion injury. Stroke 2006; 37: 1391–1398.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Goessens B., Visseren F, Kappelle L.J. et al., for the SMART Study Group. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest arterial disease. The SMART Study. Stroke 2007; 38: 1470–1475.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Golledge J., Greenhalgh R., Davies A. The symptomatic carotid plaque. Stroke 2000; 31: 774–781.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lauri S. Cerebral hemodynamics in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2003; 34: 1655–1661.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Liapis C., Kakisis J., Kostakis A. Carotid stenosis: Factors affecting symptomatology. Stroke 2001; 32: 2782–2786.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Lloyd-Jones D.M., Larson M.G., Beiser A., Levy D. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 89–92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Matsagas M.I., Vasdekis S.N., Gugulakis A.G. et al. Computer-assisted ultrasonographic analysis of carotid plaques in relation to cerebrovascular symptoms, cerebral infarction, and histology. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 2000; 14: 130–137.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Morrish N.J., Wang S.L., Stevens L.K. et al. Mortality and causes of death in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Diabetologia 2001; 44 (Suppl. 2): S14–21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>O’Leary D.H., Polak J.F., Kronmal R.A. et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 340: 14–22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Poulter N.R., Zographos D., Mattin R. et al. Concomitant risk factors in hypertensives: A survey of risk factors for cardiovascular disease amongst hypertensives in English general practices. Blood Pressure 1996; 5: 209–215.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Ross R. Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 340: 115–126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Ross R. Mechanisms of atherosclerosis. A review. Adv. Nephrol. Necker. Hosp. 1990; 19: 79-86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Stamler J., Vaccaro O., Neaton J.D. et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabet Care 1993; 16: 434–444.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Stary H.C., Blankenhorn D.H., Chandler A.B. et al. A definition of the intima of human arteries and of its atherosclerosis-prone regions: a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Special report. Circulation 1992; 85: 391–405.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group: Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymtomatic atherosclerosis. Stroke 1989; 20: 844–849.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Virchow R.L.K. Thrombose und Embolie. Gefässentzündung und septische Infektion. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin. Frankfurt am Main: Von Meidinger &amp; Sohn, 1856.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Wiesmann M., Bohner G., Klingebiel R. Cerebral perfusion imaging using multislice computed tomography. Clin. Neuroradiol. 2004; 14: 92–107.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
