<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">279</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic279</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Technologies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Технологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Principles of diffusion tensor imaging and its application to neuroscience</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Принципы визуализации диффузионного тензора и его применение в неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitaev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китаев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>platonova@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>platonova@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научный центр неврологии» РАМН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, Kitaev S.V., Popova T.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Kitaev S.V., Popova T.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kitaev S.V., Popova T.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Kitaev S.V., Popova T.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/279">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/279</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review article deals with technical issues of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance tractography. We define such parameters of DWI like: apparent diffusion coefficient, b-factor, fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusion tensor. We retell about main algorithms of MR-tractography pointing their specifics and drawbacks. We explore aspects of DTI in clinical neuroradiology and neuroscience for diagnosis and evaluation of axonal injury, demyelinization, tumors, peripheral nerves injuries, spinal cord diseases and brain development in late embryonic and neonatal period. We explain, how DTI allows to judge about micro-architecture of a brain going into details on technical issues, limiting an application of DTI only on small animals ex vivo.</p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматриваются физические аспекты диффузионно-взвешенной томографии, визуализации диффузионного тензора (DTI) и МР-трактографии. Дается определение таким параметрам диффузионно-взвешенной МРТ, как коэффициент диффузии, b-фактор, фактор анизотропии (ФА) и диффузионный тензор (ДТ). Мы рассказываем об алгоритмах МР-трактографии, раскрывая их особенности и недостатки. Рассматриваются аспекты клинического применения методики DTI в диагностике аксонального повреждения и демиелинизации, опухолей ЦНС, поражений периферических нервов, заболеваний спинного мозга, а также в изучении развития головного мозга в позднем периоде гестации и в первые недели жизни. Мы объясняем, каким образом DTI позволяет судить о микроархитектуре головного мозга. Также мы останавливаемся на технических особенностях, ограничивающих применение методики только на лабораторных животных ex vivo.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>MR-tractography</kwd><kwd>diffusion wheited MRI</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>магнитно-резонансная трактография</kwd><kwd>диффузионно-взвешенная МРТ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Basser P.J., Jones D.K. Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis — a technical review. N. M. R. Biomed. 2002; 15: 456–467.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Basser P.J., Pajevic S., Pierpaoli C. et al. In vitro fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magn. Reson. Med. 2000; 44: 625–632.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Beaulieu C. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system — a technical review. N. M. R. Biomed. 2002; 15: 435–455.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Frank L.R. Anisotropy in high angular resolution diffusion weighted MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 2001; 45: 935–939.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Mori S., Itoh R., Zhang J. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of the developing mouse brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 2001; 46: 18–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Mori S., Van Zijl P.C. Fiber tracking: principles and strategies — a technical review. N. M. R. Biomed. 2002; 15: 468–480.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Mukherjee P., Miller J.H., Shimony J.S. et al. Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of gray and white matter development during normal human brain maturation. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2002; 23: 1445–1456.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Neil J., Miller J., Mukherjee P. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain – a technical review. N. M. R. Biomed. 2002; 15: 543–552.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ries M., Jones R.A., Dousset V. Diffusion tensor MRI of the spinal cord. Magnetic resonance in Medicine. 2000; 44: 884–892.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Song S.K., Sun S.W., Ramsbottom M.J. et al. Dysmyelination revealed through MRI as increased radial (but unchanged axial) diffusion of water. Neuroimage. 2002; 17: 1429–1436.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Sun S.W., Liang H.F., Trinkaus K. et al. Noninvasive detection of cuprizone induced axonal damage and demyelination in the mouse corpus callosum. Magn. Reson. Med. 2006; 55: 302–308.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Takagi T., Makamura M., Yamada M., et al. Visualization of peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration: Monitoring with diffusion tensor tractography. NeuroImage. 2009; 44: 884–892.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Tournier J.D., Calamante F., Gadian D.G. et al. Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage. 2004; 23: 1176–1185.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Tuch D.S., Reese T.G., Wiegell M.R. et al. Diffusion MRI of complex neural architecture. Neuron. 2003; 40: 885–895.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Wedeen V.J., Hagmann P., Tseng W.Y. et al. Mapping complex tissue architecture with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 2005; 54: 1377–1386.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J., Richards L.J., Yarowsky P. et al. Three-dimensional anatomical characterization of the developing mouse brain by diffusion tensor microimaging. Neuroimage. 2003; 20: 1639–1648.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
