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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">503</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ACEN.2017.4.1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: the submerged part of the iceberg</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Немоторные симптомы болезни Паркинсона: подводная часть айсберга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>Наталия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nattitova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chaudhuri</surname><given-names>К. Ray</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаудхури</surname><given-names>К. Рэй</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="GB">United Kingdom</country></address><email>nattitova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King’s College London and King’s College Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международный Центр Передового Опыта Национального Фонда Болезни Паркинсона, Королевский колледж Лондона и Королевский госпиталь</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-12-24"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Titova N.V., Chaudhuri К.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Titova N.V., Chaudhuri К.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Titova N.V., Chaudhuri К.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Titova N.V., Chaudhuri К.R.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/503">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/503</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>James Parkinson, a physician from London, described the «shaking palsy» now known as Parkinson’s disease (PD) in his classic essay in 1817. Parkinson noted tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and stooped posture as the key motor features of this condition but also drew attention to sleep dysfunction, delirium, dementia, and dysautonomia, now known to be non-motor symptoms (NMS) of PD. Inspite of their importance, NMS in PD still remain under-recognised and poorly studied. Description of neuropathological correlates of NMS, as well as the development of comprehensive tools for their assessment in the early 2000’s, such as the NMS questionnaire (NMSQuest) and scale (NMSS), helped to establish the importance of NMS in PD and their crucial link with quality of life. In many countries, NMS evaluation in PD is now a part of the good clinical practice standards. Studies of the integral role of NMS in PD clinical structure and natural history of PD led to the concept of PD as a complex combination of motor and non-motor manifestations with a long prodromal phase dominated by a number of NMS. The prodromal phase of PD is a major current research topic: NMS-associated biomarkers may help to identify subjects who are at risk of developing motor-phase PD and, potentially, are candidates for neuroprotective therapies. NMS burden grading with cut off values, which can be used as outcome measure in clinical trials in patients with PD, have been validated. The complex multi-neurotransmitter dysfunction of PD has been reported to manifest clinically as difeferent non-motor subtypes. Recognition of such subtypes may lead to the emergence of personalized and precision medicine approaches in PD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Джеймс Паркинсон, лондонский врач, в 1817 г. в своем классическом эссе описал состояние, которое он назвал «дрожательным параличом» и которое теперь известно как болезнь Паркинсона (БП). Паркинсон отметил тремор, брадикинезию, мышечную ригидность, согбенную позу, но также обратил внимание на нарушение сна, психотические симптомы, деменцию и вегетативные нарушения, которые теперь относят к немоторным симптомам (НМС) заболевания. Несмотря на высокую значимость этих проявлений, до сих пор НМС остаются плохо диагностируемыми и недостаточно изученными. Описание нейропатологических коррелятов НМС и разработка в начале 2000-х гг. инструментов для их холистической оценки, таких как опросник НМС (NMSQuest) и шкала НМС (NMSS), показали важность указанных проявлений при БП и позволили установить тесную связь НМС с качеством жизни. Во многих странах оценка НМС при БП входит в стандарт надлежащей клинической практики. Изучение интегральной роли НМС в клинической структуре БП и естественного течения заболевания привели к пониманию БП как сложной комбинации моторных и немоторных проявлений с длительной продромальной фазой, в которой ряд НМС являются доминирующими. Продромальный период является весьма актуальной и значимой темой исследований: биомаркеры, ассоциированные с НМС, могут помочь идентифицировать индивидумов, которые находятся в группе риска по развитию моторных проявлений БП и являются потенциальными кандидатами для нейропротекторной терапии. Система оценки вклада НМС в общий фенотип заболевания в виде «общей тяжести НМС» с пороговыми значениями степеней была валидизирована при БП и может использоваться в качестве критерия результата и исхода лечебных вмешательств в клинических исследованиях. Множественная нейротрансмиттерная дисфункция у пациентов с БП проявляется в виде различных немоторных подтипов, выявление которых позволит разработать подходы к персонализированной и прецизионной медицине при данном заболевании.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Parkinson’s disease</kwd><kwd>prodromal stage</kwd><kwd>non-motor symptoms</kwd><kwd>personalyzed medicine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>продромальная стадия</kwd><kwd>немоторные симптомы</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alves G., Forsaa E.B., Pedersen K.F. et al. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2008; 255(Suppl. 5): 18-32. doi: 10.1007/s00415-008-5004-3. PMID: 18787879</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Berger K., Breteler M.M., Helmer C. et al. 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