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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">506</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2018.1.1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for the development of the ischemic stroke in the carotid arterial system in males and females</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы риска развития ишемического инсульта в артериях каротидной системы у мужчин и женщин</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7682-6672</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimova</surname><given-names>Marina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимова</surname><given-names>Марина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med), Prof., Head, 2nd Neurology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель 2-го неврологического отделения</p></bio><email>ncnmaximova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskvicheva</surname><given-names>Aleksandra S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москвичева</surname><given-names>Александра Станиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ncnmaximova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8726-8928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chechetkin</surname><given-names>Andrey O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чечёткин</surname><given-names>Андрей Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Head, Ultrasound diagnostic laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. лаб. ультразвуковых методов исследования</p></bio><email>ncnmaximova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-03-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Maksimova M.Y., Moskvicheva A.S., Chechetkin A.O.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Maksimova M.Y., Moskvicheva A.S., Chechetkin A.O.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maksimova M.Y., Moskvicheva A.S., Chechetkin A.O.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Maksimova M.Y., Moskvicheva A.S., Chechetkin A.O.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/506">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/506</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Biologically determined differences between males and females and different levels of sex hormones determine some specific features of their ischemic stroke (IS). Clinical studies aimed at identifying risk factors for the development of IS in persons of different sexes are considered to be necessary for elaborating strategies to increase life expectancy and to improve quality of life.</p> <p><bold>Objective</bold>: to study risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system in males and females.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system were analyzed in 268 patients for the period from 2010 to 2017. Among the patients, there were 148 (55%) men and 120 (45%) women aged from 47 to 79 years. MRI of the brain, duplex scanning of the cerebral arteries, and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were used to establish the diagnosis of the stroke subtype.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>In the age group 47-79 years, females had more often cardioembolic and lacunar stroke, while males had predominantly atherothrombotic stroke and stroke with competing causes. Atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, chronic heart failure, thyroid disease and excess body weight were also more common in females. In contrast, there were significantly more smokers and over-consumption of alcohol among males, and the same was true for small heart attacks and transient symptoms in the past history. Atherosclerosis of the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) of high degree was found more often in males, while females with atherothrombotic stroke had significantly higher blood cholesterol level. The study of arterial hypertension (AH) revealed the following differences between groups: AH III degree (180/110 mm Hg or higher) was more often in females, and AH I degree (140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg) in males, while the proportion of patients with grade II AH (160-179 / 100-109 mm Hg) and patients without AH was approximately equal in the two groups.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>The risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system in men are atherosclerotic carotid stenosis, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Development of stroke in men is preceded by small infarcts with transient symptoms. The risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system in women are atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, chronic heart failure, thyroid disease, and excess body weight. As in men, despite of significantly higher cholesterol levels, there are more pronounced atherosclerotic carotid stenosis and more frequent ISs, one may suggest the existence of an additional factor leading to stroke (alternatively, women may have some gender-specific protective factor).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Резюме</bold></p> <p><bold>Введение. </bold>Биологически обусловленные различия между мужчинами и женщинами, различный уровень половых гормонов определяют особенности развития у них ишемического инсульта (ИИ). Клинические исследования, направленные на выявление факторов риска развития ИИ у лиц различного пола, признаны необходимыми для разработки стратегии увеличения продолжительности жизни и улучшения ее качества.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>: изучить факторы риска развития ИИ в артериях каротидной системы у мужчин и женщин. </p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>За период с 2010 по 2017 годы проанализированы факторы риска развития ИИ в артериях каротидной системы у 268 пациентов. Среди пациентов было 148 (55%) мужчин и 120 (45%) женщин в возрасте от 47 до 79 лет. В диагностике подтипа инсульта использовались МРТ головного мозга, дуплексное сканирование артерий головного мозга, трансторакальная и трансэзофагеальная эхокардиография.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В возрастной группе 47-79 лет у женщин чаще встречался кардиогенный эмболический и лакунарный подтипы инсульта, у мужчин – атеротромботический инсульт и инсульт с конкурирующими причинами. У женщин чаще, чем у мужчин встречались мерцательная аритмия, сахарный диабет, атеросклеротический кардиосклероз, хроническая сердечная недостаточность, заболевания щитовидной железы, избыточная масса тела. Среди мужчин было значительно больше курящих и чрезмерно употребляющих алкоголь пациентов, а также пациентов с малыми инфарктами и транзиторными симптомами в анамнезе. Атеростеноз экстракраниальной части внутренней сонной артерии высокой степени встречался чаще у мужчин. У женщин с атеротромботическим инсультом уровень холестерина в крови был значимо выше, чем у мужчин той же группы. Исследование артериальной гипертонии (АГ) выявило следующие различия между группами: АГ III степени (180/110 мм рт. ст. или выше) чаще отмечалась у женщин, АГ I степени (140-159/90-99 мм рт. ст.) - у мужчин. Примерно одинаковым в двух группах было соотношение пациентов с АГ II степени (160-179/100-109 мм рт. ст.) и пациентов без АГ.</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>У мужчин факторами риска развития ИИ в артериях каротидной системы являются атеростеноз экстракраниальной части ВСА, курение и чрезмерное употребление алкоголя. Развитию инсульта предшествуют малые инфаркты с транзиторными симптомами. У женщин факторами риска развития ИИ в артериях каротидной системы являются мерцательная аритмия, сахарный диабет, атеросклеротический кардиосклероз, хроническая сердечная недостаточность, заболевания щитовидной железы, избыточная масса тела. Поскольку у мужчин, при значимо более низком уровне холестерина, наблюдаются более выраженный атеростеноз ВСА и более высокая частота атеротромботического инсульта, можно предположить, что для мужского пола в дополнение к атеросклерозу действует дополнительный фактор, приводящий к ИИ (либо у женщин существует специфический гендерный защитный фактор).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ischemic stroke</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>gender characteristics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ишемический инсульт</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>гендерные особенности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reeves M.J., Bushnell C.D., Howard G. et al. Sex differences in stroke: epidemiology, clinical presentation, medical care, and outcomes. Lancet neurology. 2008; 7:915–26. PMID: 18722812. 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