<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">543</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2018.4.1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neuropsychological profile and vascular risk factors in patients with cerebral microangiopathy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейропсихологический профиль и факторы сосудистого риска у больных с церебральной микроангиопатией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-2725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dobrynina</surname><given-names>Larisa A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Добрынина</surname><given-names>Лариса Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Head, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., г.н.с., рук. 3-го неврологического отделения</p></bio><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gadzhieva</surname><given-names>Zukhra Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаджиева</surname><given-names>Зухра Шарапутдиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalashnikova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калашникова</surname><given-names>Людмила Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetzyanov</surname><given-names>Bulat M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметзянов</surname><given-names>Булат Митхатович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kremneva</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кремнева</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-4554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krotenkova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кротенкова</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Head, Neuroradiology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., рук. отд. лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-8315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagoda</surname><given-names>Dmitry Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагода</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. отд. нейрореабилитации и физиотерапии</p></bio><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabitova</surname><given-names>Maryam R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забитова</surname><given-names>Марьям Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-3442</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poddubskaya</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поддубская</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>neuropsychologist, neurologist, Group of functional neurosurgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>нейропсихолог группы функциональной нейрохирургии</p></bio><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdalin</surname><given-names>Alexandr B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердалин</surname><given-names>Александр Берикович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gadjieva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии имени академика Н.Н. Бурденко»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Kalashnikova L.A., Akhmetzyanov B.M., Kremneva E.I., Krotenkova M.V., Lagoda D.Y., Zabitova M.R., Poddubskaya A.A., Berdalin A.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Kalashnikova L.A., Akhmetzyanov B.M., Kremneva E.I., Krotenkova M.V., Lagoda D.Y., Zabitova M.R., Poddubskaya A.A., Berdalin A.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Kalashnikova L.A., Akhmetzyanov B.M., Kremneva E.I., Krotenkova M.V., Lagoda D.Y., Zabitova M.R., Poddubskaya A.A., Berdalin A.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Kalashnikova L.A., Akhmetzyanov B.M., Kremneva E.I., Krotenkova M.V., Lagoda D.Y., Zabitova M.R., Poddubskaya A.A., Berdalin A.B.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/543">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/543</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Cerebral microangiopathy (CMA) is one of the leading causes of cognitive impairment (CI). Recently proposed international standards for MRI diagnosis of SVD in aging and neurodegeneration (STRIVE, 2013) are aimed at standardization of SVD research.</p> <p><bold>Objective:</bold> to clarify the severity and structure of CI and their relationships with vascular risk factors in SVD diagnosed with the STRIVE criteria.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods:</bold> Ninety-six patients with with SVD and cognitive complaints (31 men and 65 women, mean age 61.0 ± 6.6 years) were exmanied. The severity of CI was assessed with the MoCA scale: patients with MoCA&lt;26 points who were independent in their daily life were graded as having mild CI (MCI), and those who was dependent were graded as having dementia; in patients with MoCA≥26, the assessment of separate cognitive functions (CF) was made. The type of CI was determined according to isolated or predominantly impaired CF, and in case of equal impairment of several CFs the type was cassifide as mixed. Impairment of CF was assessed by a deviation from the normal test parameters: &gt;1.5σ, mild and &gt;2,5σ, severe.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The severity structure of CI was as follows: dementia, 15.5%, MCI, 66.7% and subjective CI, 17.7%. Neuropsychological profile of MCI included: isolated (21.3%) and predominantly (24.3%) executive dysfunction, predominantly amnestic dysfunction (28.3%), and mixed dysfunction (26.1%); in dementia we observed mixed dysfunction (80%), predominantly executive dysfunction (13.3%) and predominantly amnestic dysfunction (6.7%). A tendency to increase in the CI severity with age was revealed. Among the risk factors, only grade 3 arterial hypertension was significant for the development of dementia.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> Dementia in SVD patients aged 46–69 is characterized by mainly mixed profile of CI and associated with grade 3 arterial hypertension. MCI is characterized by variability of the CI types and the lack of a clear link with vascular risk factors, which justifies the need for clarifying the causes and risk factors of SVD and mechanisms of the development of CI.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Церебральная микроангиопатия (ЦМА) является одной из ведущих причин когнитивных расстройств (КР). В 2013 г. были приняты международные стандарты МРТ-диагностики ЦМА при старении и нейродегенерации (STRIVE), направленные на стандартизацию исследований при ЦМА.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования:</bold> уточнить тяжесть и структуру КР и их связь с сосудистыми факторами риска при ЦМА, диагностированной по критериям STRIVE.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Обследованы 96 пациентов (31 мужчина и 65 женщин в возрасте 61,0±6,6 года) с ЦМА и жалобами со стороны когнитивной сферы. Тяжесть КР оценивали по <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://neuronews.ru/index.php/spravochnye-materialy/shkaly-i-testy/item/573-monrealskaya-shkala-otsenki-kognitivnykh-funktsij">Монреальской шкале оценки когнитивных функций</ext-link>: при сумме баллов &lt;26 в случае независимости в повседневной жизни они определялись как умеренные, при зависимости от окружающих – как деменция; при сумме баллов ≥26 оценивали состояние отдельных когнитивных функций по отклонению от нормы: &gt;1,5σ – умеренное, &gt;2,5σ – выраженное. Тип КР определяли по изолированно/преимущественно нарушенной функции, при равном нарушении нескольких функций он квалифицировался как смешанный.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>По степени тяжести структура КР была следующей: деменция – 15,5%, умеренные КР – 66,7%, субъективные КР – 17,7%. Умеренные КР были представлены изолированным (21,3%), преимущественно дисрегуляторным (24,3%), преимущественно амнестическим (28,3%), смешанным (26,1%) типами; при деменции – смешанным (80%), преимущественно дисрегуляторным (13,3%), преимущественно амнестическим (6,7%). Выявлена тенденция к нарастанию тяжести КР с возрастом. Среди факторов риска только артериальная гипертония III степени была значимой для развития деменции.</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>Деменция у пациентов 46–69 лет с ЦМА представлена в основном полифункциональными КР и связана с артериальной гипертонией III степени. Умеренные КР характеризуются вариабельностью типов КР и отсутствием четкой связи с сосудистыми факторами риска, что обосновывает необходимость уточнения причин и факторов риска ЦМА и механизмов развития КР.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cerebral microangiopathy</kwd><kwd>small vessel disease</kwd><kwd>vascular cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>STRIVE criteria</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>церебральная микроангиопатия</kwd><kwd>дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия</kwd><kwd>сосудистые когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>критерии STRIVE</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalashnikova L.A. [Infarcts of the brain: clinical-computer tomography study: med. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 1981. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калашникова Л.А. Инфаркты мозга: клинико-компьютерно-томографическое исследование: дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 1981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalashnikova L.A., Kadykov A.S.. Gulevskaya T.S. et al. [Cognitive impairment and dementia in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy in elderly and senile adults]. Klinicheskaya gerontologiya 1996; (1): 22–26 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калашникова Л.А., Кадыков А.С., Гулевская Т.С. и др. Когнитивные нарушения и деменция при субкортикальной артериосклеротической энцефалопатии в пожилом и старческом возрасте. Клиническая геронтология 1996; (1): 22–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalashnikova L.A.. Kulov B.B. [Risk factors for subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Insult 2002; 7: 3–8. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калашникова Л.А., Кулов Б.Б. Факторы риска субкортикальной артериосклеротической энцефалопатии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С.Корсакова. Инсульт 2002; (7): 3–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulevskaya T.S., Popova S.A. [Hypertensive dyscirculatory encephalopathy: pathomorphological and neuroradiologic diagnostics]. Klinicheskiy vestnik 1995; (2): 60–63. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гулевская Т.С., Попова С.А. Гипертоническая дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия: патоморфологическая и нейрорадиологическая диагностика. Клинический вестник 1995; (2): 60–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno N.N., Levin O.S., Damulin I.V. [Comparison of clinical and MRI data with discirculatory encephalopathy. Message 2: cognitive impairment]. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal 2001; 6(3): 10–19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н., Левин О.С., Дамулин И.В. Сопоставление клинических и МРТ-данных при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. Сообщение 2: когнитивные нарушения. Неврологический журнал 2001; 6(3): 10–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Brien J.T., Wiseman R., Burton E.J. et al. Cognitive associations of subcortical white matter lesions in older people. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 977: 436–444. DOI: j.1749-6632.2002.tb04849.x. PMID: 12480784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Brien J.T., Wiseman R., Burton E.J. et al. Cognitive associations of subcortical white matter lesions in older people. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 977: 436–444. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04849.x. PMID: 12480784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starchina Yu.A., Parfenov V.A.. Chazova I.E. et al. [Cognitive impairment in patients with arterial hypertension]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2008; 108(4): 19–23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старчина Ю.А., Парфенов В.А., Чазова И.Е. и др. Когнитивные расстройства у пациентов с артериальной гипертензией. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2008; 108(4): 19–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>LADIS Study Group. 2001–2011: A decade of the LADIS (leukoaraiosis and DISability) study: What have we learned about white matter changes and small-vessel disease? Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 32: 577–588. DOI: 10.1159/000334498. PMID: 22279631.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Lawrence A.J., Patel B., Morris R.G. et al. Mechanisms of cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease: multimodal MRI results from the St George's cognition and neuroimaging in stroke (SCANS) study. PloS Оne 2013; 8: e61014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061014. PMID: 23613774.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Wardlaw J.M., Smith C., Dichgans M. Mechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 483–497. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70060-7. PMID: 23602162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>O’Sullivan M., Jones D.K., Summers P.E. et al. Evidence for cortical "disconnection" as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline. Neurology 2001; 57: 632–638. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.57.4.632. PMID: 11524471.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Lammie G.A., Brannan F., Slattery J., Warlow C. Nonhypertensive cerebral small-vessel disease. An autopsy study. Stroke 1997; 28: 2222–2229. PMID: 9368569.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kalaria R.N., Ballard C. Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13(Suppl 3): S115–S123. DOI: 10.1097/00002093-199912003-00017. PMID: 10609690.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Iadecola C. The overlap between neurodegenerative and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120: 287–296. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0718-6. PMID: 20623294.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Attems J., Jellinger K.A. The overlap between vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease – lessons from pathology. BMC Med 2014; 12: 206. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0206-2. PMID: 25385447.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Deramacourt V., Slade J.Y., Oakley A.E. et al. Staging and natural history of cerebrovascular pathology in dementia. Neurology 2012; 78: 1043–1050. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824e8e7f. PMID: 22377814.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Grinberg L.T., Nitrini R., Suemoto C.K. et al. Prevalence of dementia subtypes in a developing country: a clinicopathological study. Clinics (San Paulo) 2013; 68: 1140–1145. DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(08)13. PMID: 24037011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Gorelick P.B., Scuter A., Black S.E. et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011; 42: 2672–2713. DOI: 10.1161/STR.0b013e3182299496. PMID: 21778438.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damulin I.V. The problem of mixed dementia: "vascularization" of Alzheimer's disease and "Alzheimerization" of vascular dementia. In: Cognitive disorders: modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Мoscow, 45–46. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дамулин И.В. Проблема смешанной деменции:«васкуляризация» болезни Альцгеймера и «альцгеймеризация» сосудистой деменции. Когнитивные расстройства: современные аспекты диагностики и лечения. М., 2005: 45–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogolepova A.N. [The modern concept of mixed dementia]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2015; 115(5): 120–126. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511551120-126. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боголепова А.Н. Современная концепция смешанной деменции. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2015; 115(5): 120–126. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511551120-126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Albert M.S., DeKosky S.T., Dickson D. et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7: 270–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008. PMID: 21514249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Sachdev P., Kalaria R., O'Brien J. et al. Internationlal Society for Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2014; 28: 206–218. DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000034. PMID: 24632990.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>McKhann G.M., Knopman D.S., Chertkow H. et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7: 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005. PMID: 21514250.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Nasreddine Z.S., Phillips N.A., Bédirian V. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 695–699. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. PMID: 15817019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5TM). Arlington, 2013. 992 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luriya A.R. Vysshiye korkovyye funktsii cheloveka [Higher cortical functions of man] Moscow: Pub. Moscow University, 1969. 503 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лурия А.Р. Высшие корковые функции человека. М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1969. 503 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Lezak M.D., Howieson D.B., Loring D.J. et al. Neuropsychological Assessment. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2004. 1016 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Stroop J. R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 1935; 18: 643–662. DOI: 10.1037/h0054651.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Wechsler D., Coalson D.L., Raiford S.E. WAIS-IV Technical and Interpretive Manual. San Antonio: Pearson, 2008. 218 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Sunderland T., Hill J.L., Mellow A.M. et al. Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease. A novel measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 725–729. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02233.x. PMID: 2754157.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Petersen R.C. Conceptual overview. In: Petersen R.C. (ed.) Mild Cognitive Impairment: Aging to Alzheimer’s Disease. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2003: 1–14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Zigmond A.S., Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 361–370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x. PMID: 6880820.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Schmidt P., Wink L. LST: A lesion segmentation tool for SPM. Manual/Documentation for version 2.0.15 June 2017. URL: https://www.applied-statistics.de/LST_documentation.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrynina L.A., Gnedovskaya E.V., Sergeyeva A.N. et al. [MRI changes in the brain for asymptomatic first-time diagnosed arterial hypertension]. Annals of clinical and experiental neurology 2016; 10(3): 25–32. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добрынина Л.А., Гнедовская Е.В., Сергеева А.Н. и др. МРТ изменения головного мозга при асимптомной впервые диагностированной артериальной гипертензии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии 2016; 10(3): 25–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrynina L.A., Gnedovskaya E.V., Sergeyeva A.N. et al. [Subclinical cerebral manifestations and brain damage for asymptomatic first-time diagnosed arterial hypertension]. Annals of clinical and experiental neurology 2016; 10(3): 33–39. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добрынина Л.А., Гнедовская Е.В., Сергеева А.Н. и др. Субклинические церебральные проявления и поражение головного мозга при асимптомной впервые диагностированной артериальной гипертензии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии 2016; 10(3): 33–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Pavlovic A.M., Pekmezovic T., Tomic G. et al. Baseline predictors of cognitive decline in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. J Alzh Dis 2014; 42: S37–S43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov V.V. [Russian program for the study of epidemiology and therapy of cognitive disorders in old age (Prometheus)]. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal 2006; 11(2): 27–32. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров В.В. Всероссийская программа исследований эпидемиологии и терапии когнитивных расстройств в пожилом возрасте ("Прометей"). Неврологический журнал 2006; 11(2): 27–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Reed B.R., Mungas D.M., Kramer J.H. et al. Profiles of neuropsychological impairment in autopsy-defined Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Brain 2007; 130(Pt3): 731–739. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl385. PMID: 17267522.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno N.N., Zakharov V.V., Lokshina A.B. [Mild cognitive impairment in dyscirculatory encephalopathy]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2005; 105(2): 13–7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н., Захаров В.В., Локшина А.Б. Синдром умеренных когнитивных нарушений при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2005; 105(2): 13–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Livingston G., Sommerlad A., Orgeta V. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017; 390: 2673–2734. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6. PMID: 28735855.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Dichgans M., Leys D. Vascular сognitive impairment. Circ Res 2017; 120: 573–591. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308426. PMID: 28154105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vereshchagin N.V., Suslina Z.A., Maksimova M.Yu. [Arterial hypertension and cerebrovascular pathology: a modern view of the problem]. Kardiologiya 2004; 44(3): 4–8. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Верещагин Н.В., Суслина З.А., Максимова М.Ю. Артериальная гипертония и цереброваскулярная патология: современный взгляд на проблему. Кардиология 2004; 44(3): 4–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suslina Z.A., Geraskina L.A., Fonyakin A.V. [Actual questions and rational approach to the treatment of arterial hypertension in the vascular pathology of the brain]. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika 2005; 4(3): 82–87. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суслина З.А., Гераскина Л.А., Фонякин А.В. Актуальные вопросы и рациональный подход к лечению артериальной гипертензии при сосудистой патологии мозга. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2005; 4(3): 82–87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geraskina L.A., Mashin V.V., Fonyakin A.V. [Hypertensive encephalopathy, cardiac remodeling and chronic heart failure]. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika 2006; 5(3): 22–27. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гераскина Л.А., Машин В.В., Фонякин А.В. Гипертоническая энцефалопатия, ремоделирование сердца и хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2006; 5(3): 22–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>White W.B., Wolfson L., Wakefield D.B. et al. Average daily blood pressure, not office blood pressure, is associated with progression of cerebrovascular disease and cognitive decline in older people. Circulation 2011; 124: 2312–2319. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.037036. PMID: 22105196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Esiri M.M., Joachim C., Sloan C. et al. Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease in subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer’s disease: A clinicopathological study in the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2014; 28: 35–40. DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31829b72f1. PMID: 23842286.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Miyao S., Takano A., Teramoto J., Takahashi A. Leukoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke 1992; 23: 1434–1438. PMID: 1412580.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levin O.S. [Clinical-magnetic resonance tomography study of dyscirculatory encephalopathy with cognitive impairment: med. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 1996. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левин О.С. Клинико-магнитнорезонансно-томографическое исследование дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии с когнитивными нарушениями: дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalov R.N. [Neurovisualization aspects of cognitive impairment in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: med. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2007. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалов Р.Н. Нейровизуализационные аспекты когнитивных нарушений при субкортикальной артериосклеротической энцефалопатии: дис. …канд. мед. наук. М., 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Bombois S., Debette S., Bruandet A. et al. Vascular subcortical hyperintensities predict conversion to vascular and mixed dementia in MCI patients Stroke 2008; 39: 2046–2051. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505206. PMID: 18436882.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Petersen R.C., Doody R., Kurz A. et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 1985–1992. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985. PMID: 11735772.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Gauthier S., Reisberg B., Zaudig M. et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet 2006; 367: 1262–1270. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5. PMID: 16631882.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Román G.C., Royall D.R. Executive control function: A rational basis for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13(Suppl 3): 69–80. PMID: 10609685.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Cohen R.A., Paul R.H., Ott B.R. et al. The relationship of subcortical MRI hyperintensities and brain volume to cognitive function in vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002; 8: 743–752. PMID: 12240738.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Libon D.J., Price C.C., Davis G.K., Giovannetti T. From Binswanger’s disease to leuokoaraiosis: What we have learned about subcortical vascular dementia. Clin Neuropsychol 2004; 18: 83–100. DOI: 10.1080/13854040490507181. PMID: 15595361.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Nordlund A., Rolstad S., Klang O. et al. Cognitive profiles of mild cognitive impairment with and without vascular disease. Neuropsychology 2007; 21: 706–712. DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.706. PMID: 17983284.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preobrazhenskaya I.S., Yakhno N.N. [Vascular cognitive impairment: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment]. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal 2007; 12(5): 45–50. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Преображенская И.С., Яхно Н.Н. Сосудистые когнитивные нарушения: клинические проявления, диагностика, лечение. Неврологический журнал 2007; 12(5): 45–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Rosenberg G.A., Wallin A., Wardlaw J.M. et al. Consensus statement for diagnosis of subcortical small vessel disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36: 6–25. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.172. PMID: 26198175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Sudo F.K., Amado P., Alves GS.. et al. A continuum of executive function deficits in early subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dement Neuropsychol 2017; 11: 371–380. DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040006. PMID: 29354217.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallin A., Roman C.R., Esirid M. et al. Update on vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small-vessel disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62: 1417–1441. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-170803. PMID: 29562536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallin A., Roman C.R., Esirid M. et al. Update on vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small-vessel disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62: 1417–1441. DOI 10.3233/JAD-170803. PMID: 29562536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>O’Sullivan M., Morris R.G., Markus H.S. Brief cognitive assessment for patients with cerebral small vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 1140–1145. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045963. PMID: 16024894.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Vasquez B.P., Zakzanis K.K. The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment not demented: а meta-analysis. J Neuropsychol 2015; 9: 109–136. DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12039. PMID: 24612847.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
