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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">594</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2019.2.9</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical analysis</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинический разбор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Polymorphism of autoimmune encephalitis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Полиморфизм аутоиммунного энцефалита</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polonskii</surname><given-names>Evgeny L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полонский</surname><given-names>Евгений Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skulyabin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скулябин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasakov</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красаков</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhomirova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихомирова</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Vladimir D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Владимир Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Моshnikova</surname><given-names>Anna N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошникова</surname><given-names>Анна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-3011</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвиненко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Department of nervous diseases, Chief neurologist of the Russian Ministry of Defense</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, начальник каф. нервных болезней, главный невролог Минобороны России</p></bio><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slashcheva</surname><given-names>Irina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слащева</surname><given-names>Ирина Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamatova</surname><given-names>Natalia T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маматова</surname><given-names>Наталья Тихоновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Наталья Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Наталья Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Маzing</surname><given-names>Alexandra V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазинг</surname><given-names>Александра Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyamina</surname><given-names>Alexandra V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лямина</surname><given-names>Александра Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belozerova</surname><given-names>Yulia B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белозерова</surname><given-names>Юлия Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>poloe169@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Nikiforov All-Russian Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Всероссийский центр экстренной и радиационной медицины им. А.М. Никифорова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.P. Bekhtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт мозга человека им. Н.П. Бехтеревой» Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-06-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-06-26"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Polonskii E.L., Skulyabin D.I., Lapin S.V., Krasakov I.V., Tikhomirova O.V., Nazarov V.D., Моshnikova A.N., Litvinenko I.V., Slashcheva I.M., Маматова Н.Т., Zakharova N.I., Sokolova N.A., Маzing A.V., Lyamina A.V., Belozerova Y.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Polonskii E.L., Skulyabin D.I., Lapin S.V., Krasakov I.V., Tikhomirova O.V., Nazarov V.D., Моshnikova A.N., Litvinenko I.V., Slashcheva I.M., Маматова Н.Т., Zakharova N.I., Sokolova N.A., Маzing A.V., Lyamina A.V., Belozerova Y.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Polonskii E.L., Skulyabin D.I., Lapin S.V., Krasakov I.V., Tikhomirova O.V., Nazarov V.D., Моshnikova A.N., Litvinenko I.V., Slashcheva I.M., Маматова Н.Т., Zakharova N.I., Sokolova N.A., Маzing A.V., Lyamina A.V., Belozerova Y.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Polonskii E.L., Skulyabin D.I., Lapin S.V., Krasakov I.V., Tikhomirova O.V., Nazarov V.D., Моshnikova A.N., Litvinenko I.V., Slashcheva I.M., Маматова Н.Т., Zakharova N.I., Sokolova N.A., Маzing A.V., Lyamina A.V., Belozerova Y.B.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/594">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/594</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review analyses the current understanding and diagnostic approaches to the management of patients with autoimmune encephalitis. Cellular and synaptic targets, involved in the pathological process in autoimmune encephalitis, are described. The presence of clinical and immunological differences in the pathology is emphasized: on the one hand, non-structural damage to the nervous system is combined with the subacute development of cognitive impairment, epileptic and psychopathological syndromes, which, on the other hand, are associated with polymorphic immunological heterogeneity. The algorithm for clinical and laboratory diagnosis is described, based on our own clinical observations of three patients. The first patient was diagnosed with a cross-autoimmune syndrome with a combination of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and anti-NMDA encephalitis, probably triggered by the reactivation of the Epstein–Barr virus with a fatal outcome. The second patient was diagnosed with autoimmune anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis, and the third patient was seronegative to the available immunological antigens. The authors note the need to rethink the concept of ‘encephalitis of unknown aetiology’ and its transformation into ‘autoimmune encephalitis’ with the immunological diagnosis of three antigens (NMDA, LGI1, CASPR2). Considering the rarity of the disease, the high probability of initial admission to an infectious diseases or psychiatric hospital, it is worthwhile to explore this problem more widely at various research forums and to create a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of this disease in the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре анализируется современное понимание и диагностические подходы к ведению пациентов с аутоиммунным энцефалитом. Описаны клеточные и синаптические мишени, участвующие в развитии патологического процесса при аутоиммунном энцефалите. Подчеркивается наличие в структуре патологии клинико-иммунологического расхождения: с одной стороны, неструктурное поражение нервной системы сочетается с подострым развитием нарушений когнитивных функций, эпилептического, психопатологического синдромов, которые, с другой стороны, связаны с полиморфной иммунологической гетерогенностью. Описан алгоритм клинической и лабораторной диагностики на основе собственных клинических наблюдений трех пациентов. У первого пациента диагностирован перекрестный аутоиммунный синдром в виде сочетания лимфогрануломатоза и анти-NMDA-энцефалита, запущенного, вероятно, реактивацией вируса Эпштейна–Барр с летальным исходом. У второй пациентки диагностировали аутоиммунный анти-LGI1-лимбический энцефалит, а третья пациентка оказалась серонегативной к доступным иммунологическим антигенам. Авторы обращают внимание на переосмысление понятия «энцефалит неясного генеза» и его трансформацию в «аутоиммунный энцефалит» с иммунологической диагностикой трех антигенов (NMDA, LGI1, CASPR2). Учитывая редкость патологии, высокую вероятность дебютной госпитализации в стационары инфекционного или психиатрического профиля, обосновывается целесообразность более широкого освещения проблемы на различных научных форумах и создания в Российской Федерации комплексного междисциплинарного подхода к диагностике этого заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autoimmune anti-NMDA-encephalitis</kwd><kwd>autoimmune anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis</kwd><kwd>Hodgkin’s lymphoma</kwd><kwd>patient register</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутоиммунный анти-NMDA-энцефалит</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунный анти-LGI1-лимбический энцефалит</kwd><kwd>лимфома Ходжкина</kwd><kwd>регистр больных</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Choi E.W. New therapeutic challenges in autoimmune diseases. In: J. Chan (ed.) 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