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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">625</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2019.4.12</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История медицины и неврологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Historical aspects of studying craniocervical dystonia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исторические аспекты изучения краниоцервикальной дистонии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khayatova</surname><given-names>Zifa G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаятова</surname><given-names>Зифа Гумеровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>hayatova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zalyalova</surname><given-names>Zuleykha A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Залялова</surname><given-names>Зулейха Абдуллазяновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>hayatova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Centre of Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский клинико-диагностический центр экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапии Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-12-27"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Khayatova Z.G., Zalyalova Z.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Khayatova Z.G., Zalyalova Z.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khayatova Z.G., Zalyalova Z.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Khayatova Z.G., Zalyalova Z.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/625">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/625</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study of dystonic hyperkinesias has a thousand-year-old history. Beginning with drawings and sculptures from antiquity and up to the present day, modern ideas gradually developed about the phenomenology, origin, and treatment methods of dystonia. Mentions of spastic torticollis, blepharospasm and Meige syndrome can even be found in the writings of Hippocrates and Celsus. Images and monuments from antiquity and ancient civilizations indicate the existence of focal dystonias in those times.</p> <p>The Middle Ages left science with records of cervical dystonia and numerous illustrations in religious images. The first well-known mention of the term ‘torticollis’ belongs to François Rabelais. The term started to appear in medical texts later on. One of the earliest medical records on cervical dystonia was made by the Swiss physician Felix Platerus. During the Age of Enlightenment, dystonias became a separate class in disease classification.</p> <p>Modern tendencies in studying dystonia are characterized by identifying the genes responsible for different forms of primary dystonia along with description of their phenotypes. There is an ongoing research on the role of mental disorders in the clinical presentation of dystonia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Путь изучения дистонических гиперкинезов имеет тысячелетнюю историю. Начиная с рисунков и скульптурных изображений Древнего мира и до сегодняшнего дня постепенно формировались современные представления о феноменологии, происхождении и методах лечения дистонии. Упоминания о спастической кривошее, блефароспазме и синдроме Мейжа встречаются еще у Гиппократа и Цельса. Изображения и памятники искусства времен Античности и древних цивилизаций указывают на наличие в те времена фокальных форм дистонии.</p> <p>Эпоха Средневековья оставила науке записи о цервикальной дистонии и множество иллюстраций на религиозных изображениях. Первое известное упоминание термина тортиколлис принадлежит Франсуа Рабле. Позже термин стал встречаться в медицинских текстах. Одна из самых ранних медицинских записей о цервикальной дистонии сделана швейцарским врачом Феликсом Платерусом. В классификациях болезней эпохи Просвещения дистонии выступали как отдельные классы.</p> <p>Современные тенденции в развитии знаний о дистониях характеризуются расшифровкой генов, ответственных за возникновение различных форм первичных дистоний, и описанием их фенотипа. Продолжается поиск истины о вкладе психических нарушений в клиническую картину болезни.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>craniocervical dystonia</kwd><kwd>history of studying dystonia</kwd><kwd>spastic torticollis</kwd><kwd>Meige syndrome</kwd><kwd>blepharospasm</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>краниоцервикальная дистония</kwd><kwd>история изучения дистонии</kwd><kwd>спастическая кривошея</kwd><kwd>синдром Мейжа</kwd><kwd>блефароспазм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Albanese A., Bhatia K., Bressman S.B. et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 863–873. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25475. PMID: 23649720.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Hippocrates. Coan Prenotions. Anatomical and Minor Clinical Writings. 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