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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2020.1.5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical, molecular, and genetic characteristics of the hereditary spastic paraplegia type 3</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинико-молекулярно-генетические характеристики наследственной спастической параплегии 3-го типа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenskaya</surname><given-names>Galina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденская</surname><given-names>Галина Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadnikova</surname><given-names>Varvara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадникова</surname><given-names>Варвара Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beetz</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Proskokova</surname><given-names>Tatyana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Проскокова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sermyagina</surname><given-names>Irina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сермягина</surname><given-names>Ирина Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotov</surname><given-names>Valery P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотов</surname><given-names>Валерий Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5602-2805</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dadaly</surname><given-names>Elena L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дадали</surname><given-names>Елена Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head, Scientific advisory department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., зав. научно-консультативного отд.</p></bio><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseva</surname><given-names>Darya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусева</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Markova</surname><given-names>Тatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhkova</surname><given-names>Oksana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжкова</surname><given-names>Оксана Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudenskaya@med-gen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр имени Н.П. Бочкова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centogene AG</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Биотехнологическая компания «Centogene»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Far-Eastern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВПО «Дальневосточный государственный медицинский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">БУЗ «Воронежская областная клиническая больница № 1»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-03-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Rudenskaya G.E., Kadnikova V.A., Beetz C..., Proskokova T.N., Sermyagina I.G., Stepanova A.A., Fedotov V.P., Dadaly E.L., Guseva D.M., Markova Т.V., Ryzhkova O.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Rudenskaya G.E., Kadnikova V.A., Beetz C..., Proskokova T.N., Sermyagina I.G., Stepanova A.A., Fedotov V.P., Dadaly E.L., Guseva D.M., Markova Т.V., Ryzhkova O.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rudenskaya G.E., Kadnikova V.A., Beetz C..., Proskokova T.N., Sermyagina I.G., Stepanova A.A., Fedotov V.P., Dadaly E.L., Guseva D.M., Markova Т.V., Ryzhkova O.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Rudenskaya G.E., Kadnikova V.A., Beetz C..., Proskokova T.N., Sermyagina I.G., Stepanova A.A., Fedotov V.P., Dadaly E.L., Guseva D.M., Markova Т.V., Ryzhkova O.P.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/636">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/636</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia type 3 (SPG3), associated with the <italic>ATL1</italic> gene, is a common form of the hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). The molecular genetic and clinical features of the SPG3 have not been sufficiently studied.</p> <p><bold>Study aim:</bold> to conduct the first clinical, molecular, and genetic study of HSP in Russia, using a high-throughput exome sequencing technology — massively parallel sequencing (MPS).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Study subject: 14 identified families with SPG3. Clinical and molecular genetic methods used: Sanger sequencing, MPS panel for spastic paraplegia, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> SPG3 made up 7.2% of the 195 examined families, 13.6% of 103 molecularly identified cases, and 16.9% of the dominant forms, coming in second place after SPG4 (&gt;50%). We found 9 missense mutations in 14 families (7 in ‘hot exons’), with 4 new ones and the known <italic>p.Arg415Trp</italic> mutation identified in 4 families. One case was caused by a <italic>de novo</italic> mutation, the others were familial; incomplete penetrance was found in 5 families (subclinical cases). Gender distribution of the probands was equal, but there were more males among the affected relatives. Most of the 25 examined patients, as well as the relatives with clinical data, had early-onset (in the first decade of life, often at the age of 1 to 3 years), uncomplicated HSP with slow progression; many of those subjects were initially diagnosed with a cerebral palsy. Subclinical axonal polyneuropathy was found in 3 out of 6 cases using EMG. Atypical severe paraparesis was combined with skeletal pathology (likely independent of the major condition) in one female patient. Intellectual disability in males of another family was also considered to be an independent condition.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> SPG3 has a significant prevalence among HSP in Russian patients. The clinical features in most cases are similar and relatively non-severe; clinical diagnosis may be challenging, especially in non-familial and non-apparent familial (incomplete penetrance) cases, as well as when combined with other conditions. An incorrect diagnosis of cerebral palsy is often made. A verified diagnosis is necessary for genetic counselling and is important for patient management. MPS methods are the most informative in the molecular genetic diagnosis of HSP.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> В группе наследственных спастических параплегий (НСП), включающей около 80 форм с установленными генами, часто встречается аутосомно-доминантная НСП 3-го типа (SPG3), cвязанная с геном <italic>ATL</italic><italic>1</italic>. Молекулярно-генетические и клинико-генеалогические характеристики SPG3 изучены недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования:</bold> проведение первого в России клинико-молекулярно-генетического исследования НСП с использованием методов высокопроизводительного экзомного секвенирования MPS.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Объект исследования: 14 выявленных семей с SPG3. Использовали клинико-генеалогический и молекулярно-генетические методы: секвенирование по Сенгеру, MPS-панель «спастические параплегии», мультиплексная лигазазависимая амплификация.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> SPG3 составила 7,2% из 195 обследованных семей, 13,6% из 103 молекулярно расшифрованных случаев, 16,9% доминантных форм, заняв 2-е место после SPG4 (&gt;50%). В 14 семьях найдены 9 миссенс-мутаций (7 в «горячих» экзонах гена), 4 — новые; известная мутация p.Arg415Trp выявлена в 4 семьях. Один случай вызван мутацией <italic>de</italic> <italic>novo</italic>, остальные — семейные, в 5 семьях отмечена неполная пенетрантность (субклинические случаи). Соотношение полов у пробандов равное, среди больных родственников больше мужчин. У большинства из 25 обследованных больных, а также родственников с клиническими сведениями наблюдалась ранняя (начало на 1-м десятилетии, часто с 1–3 лет) неосложненная НСП с медленным течением; многим ранее ставился диагноз детского церебрального паралича. В 3 из 6 случаев по данным электронейромиографии отмечена субклиническая аксональная полинейропатия. Атипично тяжелый парапарез у одной больной сочетался с патологией скелета, вероятно, независимой. Умственная отсталость у мужчин в другой семье также расценена как независимая.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> SPG3 вносит значимый вклад в структуру НСП у российских больных. Картина большинства случаев сходна и относительно нетяжела, клиническая диагностика может быть затруднена, особенно в несемейных и неявно семейных (неполная пенетрантность) случаях, а также при сочетании с другими болезнями; частый ошибочный диагноз — ДЦП. Верифицированный диагноз необходим для медико-генетического консультирования и важен для ведения больных. Методы MPS наиболее информативны в ДНК-диагностике НСП.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SPG3</kwd><kwd>ATL1 gene mutation</kwd><kwd>high-throughput exon sequencing</kwd><kwd>MPS</kwd><kwd>incomplete penetrance</kwd><kwd>clinical picture</kwd><kwd>combination of diseases</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>SPG3</kwd><kwd>мутации гена ATL1</kwd><kwd>высокопроизводительное экзомное секвенирование MPS</kwd><kwd>неполная пенетрантность</kwd><kwd>клиническая картина</kwd><kwd>сочетание болезней</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao G.H, Liu X.M. Clinical features and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis in patients with ATL1 mutations: A literature reanalysis. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6: 9. DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0079-3. PMID: 28396731.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao X., Alvarado D., Rainier S. et al. 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