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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">658</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2020.2.7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cerebral Pathology in Hepatolenticular Degeneration (Wilson Disease)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Патоморфология головного мозга при гепатолентикулярной дегенерации (болезни Вильсона–Коновалова)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulevskaya</surname><given-names>Tat'yana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гулевская</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anufriev@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chaykovskaya</surname><given-names>Roxana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чайковская</surname><given-names>Роксана Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anufriev@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anufriev</surname><given-names>Pavel L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ануфриев</surname><given-names>Павел Лазаревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anufriev@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-06-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-11"><day>11</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Gulevskaya T.S., Chaykovskaya R.P., Anufriev P.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Gulevskaya T.S., Chaykovskaya R.P., Anufriev P.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gulevskaya T.S., Chaykovskaya R.P., Anufriev P.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Gulevskaya T.S., Chaykovskaya R.P., Anufriev P.L.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/658">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/658</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD), or Wilson disease, is one of the severe progressive hereditary disorders of the nervous system. A number of questions regarding its pathogenesis and pathology are the subject of in-depth research.</p> <p><bold><italic>The aim </italic></bold>of the study was to examine cerebral pathology and determine the leading factors in its pathogenesis in the autopsy cases of HLD.</p> <p><bold><italic>Materials and methods.</italic></bold> A postmortem study was carried out in 15 deceased patients (14–35 years old) with HLD. In all cases, clinical diagnosis was based on the characteristic signs of CNS and liver damage, presence of the Kayser–Fleischer corneal ring, and specific biochemical abnormalities in copper and protein metabolism. A set of histological, neurohistological, and histochemical staining methods was used, including the histochemical study of copper after the fixation of brain slices in rubeanic acid.</p> <p><bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> In all cases, severe microcirculatory changes were found in the brain, characteristic of the angiotoxic component of HLD, with impaired vessel permeability and the development of persistent edema and spongiform changes in brain tissue. Changes were more often found in the basal nuclei area, as well as in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and pons. The cytotoxic component of HLD was evident in the same regions of the brain, represented by degenerative changes in astrocytes and neurons, often ending in their death. The most frequent form of pathology was the appearance of Alzheimer type II glia with ‘naked’ nuclei, and much less frequently, Alzheimer type I glia. The histochemical study showed deposits of copper granules in the endothelial cells of microvessels, Alzheimer type II glia, and neurons – predominantly in the globus pallidus and the caudate nucleus.</p> <p><bold><italic>Conclusion.</italic></bold> A set of pathogenic factors plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of the brain damage in HLD: the toxic effect of copper on the brain, the damage to and impaired permeability of the blood-brain barrier, severe metabolic disturbances caused by liver failure, and brain hypoxia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Введение.</italic></bold> Гепатолентикулярная дегенерация (ГЛД), или болезнь Вильсона–Коновалова, — одно из наиболее тяжелых прогрессирующих наследственных заболеваний нервной системы, ряд вопросов патогенеза и патоморфологии которого являются предметом углубленных исследований.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель </italic></bold>исследования — изучение патоморфологическиx изменений головного мозга и определение ведущих факторов их патогенеза в секционных случаях ГЛД.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Проведено патологоанатомическое исследование 15 умерших больных (14–35 лет) с ГЛД. Клинический диагноз во всех случаях был поставлен на основании характерных признаков поражения ЦНС и печени, наличия роговичного кольца Кайзер–Флейшера и типичных биохимических нарушений обмена белков и меди. Использован комплекс гистологических, нейрогистологических и гистохимических методов окраски, включая гистохимическое исследование меди после фиксации срезов мозга в рубеановодородной кислоте.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты.</italic></bold> Во всех случаях выявлены тяжелые изменения сосудов микроциркуляторного русла мозга, характерные для ангиотоксического компонента ГЛД, с нарушением проницаемости сосудов и развитием персистирующего отека и спонгиоформных изменений ткани мозга. Изменения чаще обнаруживались в области базальных ядер, а также в белом веществе полушарий большого мозга, мозжечке и мосту мозга. В этих же отделах мозга был ярко выражен цитотоксический компонент ГЛД, представленный дегенеративными изменениями астроцитарной глии и нейронов, часто заканчивающимися их гибелью. Наиболее частой формой патологии было появление глии Альцгеймера II типа, представленной «голыми» ядрами, значительно реже — глии Альцгеймера I типа. При гистохимическом исследовании выявлены отложения гранул меди в эндотелиоцитах микрососудов, глии Альцгеймера II типа и нейронах, преимущественно бледного шара и хвостатого ядра.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold> В патогенезе поражения мозга при ГЛД большое значение имеет комплекс патогенных факторов: токсическое влияние меди на мозг, повреждение и нарушение проницаемости гематоэнцефалического барьера, тяжелые метаболические нарушения, обусловленные печеночной недостаточностью, гипоксия мозга.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatolenticular degeneration</kwd><kwd>cerebral pathology</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer glia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гепатолентикулярная дегенерация</kwd><kwd>патоморфология головного мозга</kwd><kwd>глия Альцгеймера</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalov N.V. 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