<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25692/ACEN.2020.3.3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The significance of thalamic nuclei degeneration in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of neuropsychological and morphometry studies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Значение дегенерации ядер таламуса при ремиттирующем и вторично-прогрессирующем рассеянном склерозе: результаты нейропсихологического и морфометрического исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trufanov</surname><given-names>Artem G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Труфанов</surname><given-names>Артем Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bisaga</surname><given-names>Gennadiy N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бисага</surname><given-names>Геннадий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skulyabin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скулябин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyomniy</surname><given-names>Alexandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Темный</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurin</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрин</surname><given-names>Антон Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poplyak</surname><given-names>Maria O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попляк</surname><given-names>Мария Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poltavskiy</surname><given-names>Iliya D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полтавский</surname><given-names>Илия Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвиненко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Odinak</surname><given-names>Miroslav M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одинак</surname><given-names>Мирослав Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarumov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарумов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trufanovart@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-09-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-09-14"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Trufanov A.G., Bisaga G.N., Skulyabin D.I., Tyomniy A.V., Yurin A.A., Poplyak M.O., Poltavskiy I.D., Litvinenko I.V., Odinak M.M., Tarumov D.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Trufanov A.G., Bisaga G.N., Skulyabin D.I., Tyomniy A.V., Yurin A.A., Poplyak M.O., Poltavskiy I.D., Litvinenko I.V., Odinak M.M., Tarumov D.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trufanov A.G., Bisaga G.N., Skulyabin D.I., Tyomniy A.V., Yurin A.A., Poplyak M.O., Poltavskiy I.D., Litvinenko I.V., Odinak M.M., Tarumov D.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Trufanov A.G., Bisaga G.N., Skulyabin D.I., Tyomniy A.V., Yurin A.A., Poplyak M.O., Poltavskiy I.D., Litvinenko I.V., Odinak M.M., Tarumov D.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/679">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/679</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>The thalamus is a 'transmitting organ' that is involved in a wide range of neurological functions. Its functional uniqueness and high sensitivity to damage during the earliest stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) make the thalamus a kind of barometer of diffuse brain damage in MS.</p> <p>The <bold>aim </bold>of the study was to examine the structural and functional changes in the thalamus and its subregions using magnetic resonance morphometry and to determine their clinical significance in different types of MS.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> We examined 68 patients with relapsing-remitting (n = 40) and secondary progressive (n = 28) MS. The control group consisted of 10 healthy people matched for age and gender. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) were used to assess the patients' neurological status. The cognitive and mental domains were tested using the MMSE, FAB, MoCA, SDMT, Beck's test, and HADS. All patients underwent a brain MRI and morphometric evaluation of the obtained data using the FreeSurfer 6.0 software.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The size of the thalamic pulvinar in relapsing-remitting MS was reduced on the left (M (anterior : posterior) = 186.6 : 149.4 mm3) compared with the controls (229.5 : 187.5 mm3) and on the right (219.5 : 187.1 mm3) compared with the controls (261.6 : 240.5 mm3; p &lt; 0.05). The size of the left thalamic nuclei was significantly reduced in secondary progressive MS when compared with relapsing-remitting MS and the controls. EDSS was correlated with a decrease in the dimensions of the geniculate nucleus on the left (r = –0.48) and the pulvinar nuclei on the left (r = 0.46–0.54). Standard neuropsychological scales correlated with the size of the medial dorsal nucleus (r (MMSE:FAB:MoCA) = 0.51; 0.45; 0.59). The greatest correlation was between the SDMT test (written section) and the left ventral anterior nucleus (r = 0.71).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The obtained data indicate that thalamic nuclei atrophy plays a significant role in the progression of disability and cognitive disorders in MS. Mag- netic resonance morphometry of the thalamic nuclei can be considered an important marker and predictor of MS progression.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Таламус является «передающим органом», который участвует в широком спектре неврологических функций. Функциональная уникальность и высокая чувствительность к повреждению при рассеянном склерозе (РС) в самых ранних стадиях заболевания делают таламус барометром диффузного повреждения головного мозга при РС.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold><bold>исследования</bold> — изучить структурные и функциональные изменения таламуса и его субрегионов методом магнитно-резонансной морфометрии и определить их клиническую значимость при различных типах течения РС.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Обследовано 68 пациентов с ремиттирующим (n = 40) и вторично-прогрессирующим (n = 28) типами течения РС, контроль составили 10 здоровых человек соответствующего возраста и пола. Неврологическая оценка пациентов проведена по шкалам инвалидизации (EDSS) и агрессивности РС (MSSS). Когнитивную и психическую сферы тестировали с использованием MMSE, FAB, MoCA, SDMT, теста Бека и HADS. Всем пациентам были выполнены МРТ головного мозга и проведена морфометрическая оценка полученных данных с помощью программы «Freesurfer 6.0».</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Объемы ядер подушки таламуса при ремиттирующем РС были снижены слева (М (переднее : заднее) = 186,6 : 149,4 мм3) в сравнении с контролем (229,5 : 187,5 мм3) и справа (219,5 : 187,1 мм3) в сравнении с контролем (261,6 : 240,5 мм3; p &lt; 0,05). Размеры левых ядер таламуса были достоверно снижены при вторично прогрессирующем РС по сравнению с ремиттирующим РС и контролем. С EDSS коррелировали уменьшение объемов коленчатых тел слева (r = –0,48) и ядер подушки таламуса слева (r = 0,46–0,54). Стандартные нейропсихологические шкалы коррелировали с объемом медиадорсального медиального крупноклеточного ядра (r(MMSE : FAB : MoCA) = 0,51 : 0,45 : 0,59). Максимальная корреляция теста SDMT (письменный раздел) установлена с левым вентральным передним ядром (r = 0,71).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные данные свидетельствуют о высокой значимости атрофии ядер таламуса в прогрессировании инвалидизации и когнитивных нарушений при РС. Магнитно-резонансная морфометрия ядер таламуса может рассматриваться как важный маркер и предиктор прогрессирования РС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>progression</kwd><kwd>neurodegeneration</kwd><kwd>atrophy</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance morphometry</kwd><kwd>cognitive disorders</kwd><kwd>thalamus</kwd><kwd>pulvinar nuclei</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>прогрессирование</kwd><kwd>нейродегенерация</kwd><kwd>атрофия</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная морфометрия</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>таламус</kwd><kwd>ядра подушки таламуса</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lassmann H., Brück W., Lucchinetti C.F. The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 2007; 17: 210–218. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750- 3639.2007.00064.x. PMID: 17388952.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucchinetti C., Brück W., Parisi J. et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 707–717. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6&lt;707::aid-ana3&gt;3.0.co;2-q. PMID:10852536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucchinetti C., Brück W., Parisi J. et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 707–717. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6&lt;707::aid-ana3&gt;3.0.co;2-q. PMID:10852536</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lucchinetti C.F., Popescu B.F., Bunyan R.F. et al. Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2188–2197. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1100648. PMID: 22150037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyko A.N., Boyko O.V., Gusev E.I. [The choice of the optimal drug for pathogenic treatment of multiple sclerosis: a current state of the problem (a review)]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2014; 114(10-2): 77–91. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойко А.Н., Бойко О.В., Гусев Е.И. Выбор оптимального препарата для патогенетического лечения рассеянного склероза: современное состояние проблемы (обзор литературы). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2014; 114(10-2): 77–91</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pozdnyakov A.V., Bisaga G.N., Gaikova O.N. et al. [Multiple sclerosis: from morphology to pathogenesis]. St. Petersburg, 2015. 104 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поздняков А.В., Бисага Г.Н., Гайкова О.Н. и др. Рассеянный склероз: от морфологии к патогенезу. СПб., 2015. 104 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitwell J.L., Jack C.R.Jr., Boeve B.F. et al. Voxel-based morphometry pat- terns of atrophy in FTLD with mutations in MAPT or PGRN. Neurology 2009; 72: 813–820. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000343851.46573.67. PMID: 19255408.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitwell J.L., Jack C.R.Jr., Boeve B.F. et al. Voxel-based morphometry patterns of atrophy in FTLD with mutations in MAPT or PGRN. Neurology 2009; 72: 813–820. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000343851.46573.67. PMID: 19255408.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Tao G., Datta S., He R. et al. Deep gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a tensor based morphometry. J Neurol Sci 2009; 282: 39–46. DOI: 10.1016/j. jns.2008.12.035. PMID: 19168189.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Matías-Guiu J.A., Cortés-Martínez A., Montero P. et al. Identification of cortical and subcortical correlates of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis using voxel-based morphometry. Front Neurol 2018; 9: 920. DOI: 10.3389/ fneur.2018.00920. PMID: 30420834.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bergsland N., Horakova D., Dwyer M.G. et al. Gray matter atrophy patterns in multiple sclerosis: a 10-year source-based morphometry study. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17: 444–451. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.002. PMID: 29159057.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Louapre C., Govindarajan S.T., Giannì C. et al. Heterogeneous pathological processes account for thalamic degeneration in multiple sclerosis: insights from 7 T imaging. MultScler 2018; 24: 1433–1444. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517726382. PMID: 28803512.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minagar A., Barnett M.H., Benedict R.H.B. et al. The thalamus and mul- tiple sclerosis: modern views on pathologic, imaging, and clinical aspects. Neurology 2013; 80: 210–219. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827b910b. PMID: 23296131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minagar A., Barnett M.H., Benedict R.H.B. et al. The thalamus and multiple sclerosis: modern views on pathologic, imaging, and clinical aspects. Neurology 2013; 80: 210–219. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827b910b. PMID: 23296131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krotenkova I.A., Bryukhov V.V., Peresedova A.V., Krotenkova M.V. [Central nervous system atrophy in multiple sclerosis: MRI morphometry data]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Spetzvypuski 2014; 114(10): 50–56. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кротенкова И.А., Брюхов В.В., Переседова А.В., Кротенкова М.В. Атрофия центральной нервной системы при рассеянном склерозе: данные МРТ- морфометрии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски 2014; 114(10): 50–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krotenkova I.A., Bryukhov V.V., Zakharova M.N. et al. [Brain and spine atrophy in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a 3-year follow up study]. Luchevaya diagnostika i terapiya 2017; (1): 35–39. DOI: 10.22328/2079-5343-2017-1- 35-39. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кротенкова И.А., Брюхов В.В., Захарова М.Н. и др. Атрофия головного и спинного мозга у пациентов с ремиттирующим рассеянным склерозом: 3-летнее динамическое исследование. Лучевая диагностика и терапия 2017; (1): 35–39. DOI: 10.22328/2079-5343-2017-1-35-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Iglesias J.E., Insausti R., Lerma-Usabiaga G. et al. A probabilistic atlas of the human thalamic nuclei combining ex vivo MRI and histology. Neuroimage 2018; 183: 314–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.012. PMID: 30121337.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Thompson A.J., Banwell B.L., Barkhof F. et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17: 162–173. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2. PMID: 29275977.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lublin F.D., Reingold S.C., Cohen J.A. et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology 2014; 83: 278–86. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560. PMID: 24871874.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Kurtzke J.F. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444–1452. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.33.11.1444. PMID: 6685237.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Roxburgh R.H.S.R., Seaman S.R., Masterman T. et al. Multiple sclerosis severity score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity. Neurology 2005; 64: 1144–1151. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000156155.19270.F8. PMID: 15824338.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. «Mini-mental state». A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189–198. DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID: 1202204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubois B., Slachevsky A., Litvan I., Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal As- sessment Battery at bedside. Neurology 2000; 55: 1621–1626. DOI: 10.1212/ wnl.55.11.1621. PMID: 11113214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dubois B., Slachevsky A., Litvan I., Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal As-sessment Battery at bedside. Neurology 2000; 55: 1621–1626. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.55.11.1621. PMID: 11113214.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Nasreddine Z.S., Phillips N.A., Bédirian V. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 695–699. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. PMID: 15817019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langdon D.W., Amato M.P., Boringa J. et al. Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). MultScler 2012; 18: 891–898. DOI: 10.1177/1352458511431076. PMID: 22190573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langdon D.W., Amato M.P., Boringa J. et al. Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). MultScler2012; 18: 891–898. DOI: 10.1177/1352458511431076. PMID: 22190573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M. et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561–571. DOI: 10.1001/arch- psyc.1961.01710120031004. PMID: 13688369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M. et al. An inventory for measur-ing depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561–571. DOI: 10.1001/arch-psyc.1961.01710120031004. PMID: 13688369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Zigmond A.S., Snaith R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 361–370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x. PMID: 6880820.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assaf Y., Pasternak O. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 34: 51–61. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0029-0. PMID: 18157658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assaf Y., Pasternak O. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-based white mat-ter mapping in brain research: a review. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 34: 51–61. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0029-0. PMID: 18157658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Donnell L.J., Westin C.F. An introduction to diffusion tensor image analysis. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2011; 22: 185–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2010.12.004. PMID: 21435570.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Donnell L.J., Westin C.F. An introduction to diffusion tensor image ana-lysis. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2011; 22: 185–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2010.12.004. PMID: 21435570.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander A.L., Lee J.E., Lazar M., Field A.S. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4: 316–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011. PMID: 17599699.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fischl B. FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 2012; 62: 774–781. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021. PMID: 22248573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fischl B. FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 2012; 62: 774–781. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro-image.2012.01.021. PMID: 22248573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Culpepper L. Neuroanatomy and physiology of cognition. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2015; 76:e900. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.13086tx3c. PMID: 26231020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Culpepper L. Neuroanatomy and physiology of cognition. J. Clin. Psychiatry2015; 76:e900. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.13086tx3c. PMID: 26231020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Beatty W.W., Goodkin D.E. Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: an evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 297–301. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530030069018. PMID: 2310313.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Creavin S.T., Wisniewski S., Noel-Storr A.H. et al. Mini-Mental State Exami- nation (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Data- base Syst Rev 2016; (1): CD011145. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011145.pub2. PMID: 26760674.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Creavin S.T., Wisniewski S., Noel-Storr A.H. et al. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (1): CD011145. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011145.pub2. PMID: 26760674.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Benedict R.H.B., DeLuca J., Enzinger C. et al. Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: looking back and moving forward. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2017; 23: 832–842. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617717000959. PMID: 29198279.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charvet L.E., Taub E., Cersosimo B. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assess- ment (MoCA) in multiple sclerosis: relation to clinical features. J Mult Scler 2015; 2: 135. DOI: 10.4172/2376-0389.1000135. PMID: 27791389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charvet L.E., Taub E., Cersosimo B. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in multiple sclerosis: relation to clinical features. J Mult Scler 2015; 2: 135. DOI: 10.4172/2376-0389.1000135. PMID: 27791389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Pirkhaefi A. Evaluation of cognitive abilities of different groups of sclerosis patients and its comparison with healthy people. PCP 2018; 6: 111–118. DOI: 10.292526.2.111.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Estiasari R., Fajrina Y., Lastri D.N. et al. Validity and reliability of Brief In- ternational Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in Indonesia and the correlation with quality of life. Neurol Res Int 2019; 2019: 4290352. DOI: 10.1155/2019/4290352. PMID: 31263596.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Greeke E.E., Chua A.S., Healy B.C. et al. Depression and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380: 236–241. DOI: 10.1016/j. jns.2017.07.047. PMID: 28870578.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Jones S.M.W., Salem R., Amtmann D. Somatic symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2018; 20: 145–152. DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2017-069. PMID: 29896052.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Ntoskou K., Messinis L., Nasios G. et al. Cognitive and language deficits in multiple sclerosis: comparison of relapsing remitting and secondary progressive subtypes. Open Neurol J 2018; 12: 19–30. DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01812010019. PMID: 29576812.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Berman R.A., Wurtz R.H. Functional identification of a pulvinar path from superior colliculus to cortical area MT. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 6342–6354. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010. PMID: 20445060.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Berman R.A., Wurtz R.H. Signals conveyed in the pulvinar pathway from superior colliculus to cortical area MT. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 373–384. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4738-10.2011. PMID: 21228149.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cappe C., Morel A., Barone P., Rouiller E.M. The thalamocortical projection systems in primate: an anatomical support for multisensory and sensorimotor interplay. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19: 2025–2037. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn228. PMID: 19150924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cappe C., Morel A., Barone P., Rouiller E.M. The thalamocortical projection systems in primate: an anatomical support for multisensory and sensorimo- tor interplay. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19: 2025–2037. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn228. PMID: 19150924.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Arcaro M.J., Pinsk M.A., Chen J., Kastner S. Organizing principles of pulvino-cortical functional coupling in humans. Nat Commun 2018; 9: 5382. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07725-6. PMID: 30568159.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Van der Werf Y.D., Witter M.P., Groenewegen H.J. The intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus. Anatomical and functional evidence for participation in processes of arousal and awareness. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2002; 39: 107–140. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00181-9. PMID: 12423763.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
