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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">791</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2022.1.5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pineal gland: structural variants and their role in neurological and psychiatric disorders</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпифиз: варианты строения и их роль в возникновении неврологических и психических расстройств</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5413-9460</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilova</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шилова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>radiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-рентгенолог</p></bio><email>stasya.parf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7087-0437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ananyeva</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ананьева</surname><given-names>Наталия Исаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Department of clinical and laboratory diagnostics, neurophysiology and neuroimaging research, Professor, Scientific, clinical and educational center "Radiological Diagnostics and Nuclear Medicine", Institute of High Medical Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. отд. клинической и лабораторной диагностики, нейрофизиологии и нейровизуальных исследований, профессор научно-клинического и образовательного центра «Лучевая диагностика и ядерная медицина» Института высоких медицинских технологий</p></bio><email>ananieva_n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5847-4936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safonova</surname><given-names>Natalia Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафонова</surname><given-names>Наталья Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Department of neuroimaging studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с. отд. нейровизуализационных исследований</p></bio><email>astarta10@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8500-7268</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">16520904200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4693-5577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukina</surname><given-names>Larisa V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукина</surname><given-names>Лариса Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Head, Department of neuroimaging studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с., руководитель отд. нейровизуализационных исследований</p></bio><email>larisalu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-14"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Shilova A.V., Ananyeva N.I., Safonova N.Y., Lukina L.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Шилова А.В., Ананьева Н.И., Сафонова Н.Ю., Лукина Л.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shilova A.V., Ananyeva N.I., Safonova N.Y., Lukina L.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шилова А.В., Ананьева Н.И., Сафонова Н.Ю., Лукина Л.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/791">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/791</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The pineal gland is a small and poorly studied neuroendocrine gland located in the epithalamus. There is growing interest in the pineal gland due to its role in regulating human biological rhythms, which is associated with melatonin production, and its close neuroendocrine link between the brain's hormonal and neurally mediated activity. The paper examines the anatomical and physiological features of the pineal gland, its structural variations, and the role of the melatonin it produces in the pathogenesis of several mental and neurological disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Эпифиз (шишковидная железа) является небольшой малоизученной нейроэндокринной железой, которая располагается в эпиталамусе. Всё возрастающий интерес к роли эпифиза объясняется как его участием в регуляции биоритмов человека, что связано с выработкой мелатонина, так и тесным нейроэндокринным посредничеством с гормональной и нейромедиаторной активностью головного мозга. В статье рассмотрены анатомо-физиологические особенности эпифиза, варианты его строения и участия вырабатываемого им мелатонина в патогенезе ряда психических и неврологических заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pineal gland</kwd><kwd>epiphysis cerebri</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>cyst</kwd><kwd>desynchronization</kwd><kwd>melatonin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпифиз</kwd><kwd>шишковидная железа</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>киста</kwd><kwd>десинхроноз</kwd><kwd>мелатонин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalova N.A., Vorozhtsova I.N., Pavlenko O.A. et al. [The size of the pineal gland and its structure in hyperprolactinemia according to magnetic resonance imaging]. 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