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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">799</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2021.4.7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Primary progressive aphasias: clinical and genetic heterogeneity and diagnostic difficulties</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Первичные прогрессирующие афазии: клинико-генетическая гетерогенность и сложность диагностики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-3011</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвиненко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Department of nervous diseases, Chief neurologist of the Russian Ministry of Defense</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, начальник каф. нервных болезней, главный невролог Минобороны России</p></bio><email>litvinenkoiv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-1901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolmakova</surname><given-names>Кristina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колмакова</surname><given-names>Кристина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), lecturer, Department of nervous diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., преподаватель каф. нервных болезней</p></bio><email>litvinenkoiv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-802X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelin</surname><given-names>Аndrey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емелин</surname><given-names>Андрей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of nervous diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, профессор каф. нервных болезней</p></bio><email>litvinenkoiv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-8795</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobzin</surname><given-names>Vladimir Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобзин</surname><given-names>Владимир Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Associated Professor, Professor, Department of nervous diseases, Professor, Department of neurology named after academician S.N. Davidenkov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, профессор каф. нервных болезней, профессор каф. неврологии им. акад. С.Н. Давиденкова</p></bio><email>litvinenkoiv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Litvinenko I.V., Kolmakova К.A., Emelin А.Y., Lobzin V.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Литвиненко И.В., Колмакова К.А., Емелин А.Ю., Лобзин В.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Litvinenko I.V., Kolmakova К.A., Emelin А.Y., Lobzin V.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Литвиненко И.В., Колмакова К.А., Емелин А.Ю., Лобзин В.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/799">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/799</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This systematic review describes primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants and includes the authors' own clinical observations. Over 20 genes have now been identified, with mutations that are directly involved in the development of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, as well as other forms of PPA. Pathomorphological markers of Alzheimer's disease were identified in 76% of cases of logopenic PPA, while signs of frontotemporal dementia associated with TDP-43 were identified in 80% of cases of the semantic variant, and those associated with TDP-43/tau were identified in 64% of cases of agrammatic PPA. The clinical diagnosis of PPA is based on a history of long-term, progressive speech disturbances and identifying a particular variant: agrammatic, semantic or logopenic. The primary variant of the speech disorder cannot be identified in approximately 30% of cases. The focus should be on the main and additional clinical signs (presence of agrammatism, object naming, word comprehension, preserved repetition), as well as neuroimaging (presence of asymmetrical frontal and/or temporal lobe atrophy).</p> <p>The article also provides key aspects of differential diagnosis of the PPA variants, and puts forth a stepwise diagnostic algorithm. It examines features of PPA progression, with possible development of corticobasal syndrome, illustrated by a clinical case. A dissociation between neuroimaging findings and clinical disease variant is also demonstrated to be possible. Different neuropsychological assessments of patients with aphasia and methods of determining the severity of speech dysfunction are presented. Standardized aphasia assessment tools and the adapted PPA severity scale are provided.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлен систематизированный обзор литературы с описанием нозологических вариантов первичной прогрессирующей афазии (ППА), иллюстрированный собственными наблюдениями. Клиническая диагностика ППА базируется на данных анамнеза о длительном прогрессирующем нарушении речи и определении варианта нарушений: аграмматического, семантического и логопенического. Приблизительно в 30% случаев выделить первичный вариант речевых нарушений не представляется возможным. Следует ориентироваться на основные и дополнительные клинические признаки (наличие аграмматизма, называния предметов, понимание смысла слов, сохранность повторений), нейровизуализационные данные (наличие асимметричной атрофии лобной и/или височной доли).</p> <p>В настоящее время идентифицированы более 20 генов, мутации в которых непосредственно участвуют в развитии как поведенческой формы лобно-височной деменции, так и других форм ППА. Патоморфологические маркёры болезни Альцгеймера обнаружены в 76% случаев логопенического варианта ППА, признаки фронто-темпоральной дегенерации, ассоциированной с TDP-43, — в 80% случаев при семантическом варианте и ассоциированной с TDP-43/tau — в 64% случаев при аграмматическом варианте.</p> <p>В статье также представлены ключевые дифференциально-диагностические признаки вариантов ППА, предложен пошаговый алгоритм диагностики заболевания. Рассмотрены особенности дальнейшего прогрессирования ППА с возможным развитием кортико-базального синдрома на клиническом примере. Показана возможность диссоциации нейровизуализационной картины и клинического варианта заболевания. Предложены варианты нейропсихологической оценки больных с афазией и определения тяжести речевого дефицита. Приведены стандартизованные тесты для оценки афазии и адаптированная шкала оценки тяжести ППА.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>primary progressive aphasia</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer's disease</kwd><kwd>frontotemporal dementia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>первичная прогрессирующая афазия</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>лобно-височная деменция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mesulam M.M. Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Ann Neurol. 1982;11(6):592-598. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410110607. PMID: 7114808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mesulam M.M. Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Ann Neurol. 1982;11(6):592–598. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410110607. 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