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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">831</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2022.2.6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modelling motor and non-motor signs of early-stage Parkinson's disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование моторных и немоторных проявлений ранней стадии болезни Паркинсона</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5947-9093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Михаил Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of neuromorphology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. нейроморфологии</p></bio><email>ivanov@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5483-9157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutukova</surname><given-names>Kristina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутукова</surname><given-names>Кристина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of neuromorphology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. нейроморфологии</p></bio><email>Chrisbiomag@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-04-07"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Ivanov M.V., Kutukova K.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Иванов М.В., Кутукова К.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov M.V., Kutukova K.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов М.В., Кутукова К.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/831">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/831</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> As Parkinson's disease (PD) develops, a number of non-motor signs precede motor symptoms, including gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. Modelling early-stage PD to comprehensively assess the pattern of morphofunctional changes in the gastrointestinal tract is important in order to develop methods of early disease diagnosis and more effective treatment of autonomic disturbances that are typical in PD, and to increase the patients' quality of life.</p> <p>Study <bold><italic>aim</italic></bold> — to offer a model of early-stage PD through long-term oral administration of small doses of the neurotoxin rotenone to rats, and to study the functional and immunohistochemical changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the experimental animals, as well as changes in the substantia nigra.</p> <p><bold><italic>Materials and methods.</italic></bold> The experiment was conducted in male Wistar rats aged 3.0–3.5 months. The study group rats (n = 10) were given rotenone orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg, as a suspension in a 4% carboxymethyl cellulose solution, every second day for 7 months. The control group rats (n = 10) received only the 4% carboxymethyl cellulose solution.</p> <p>The animals' mobility was assessed at the start and end of the experiment using the open field and narrowing beam-walking test. Gastrointestinal motility was assessed by measuring the passage of dye from the pylorus in a caudal direction along the small intestine. The rats were decapitated and immunohistochemistry was used to assess the density of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, nerve fibres, and glia in the Auerbach's plexus of the small intestine, and the location of the total and phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in the enteric nervous system.</p> <p><bold><italic>Results. </italic></bold>Rats in the study group had a statistically significant reduction in the number of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Auerbach's plexus of the small intestine contained significantly less nerve fibres and glia, while fluorescence intensity for alpha-synuclein was increased. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein was identified in the cholinergic and adrenergic fibres of Auerbach's plexus. Experimental animals had a statistically significant reduction in the gastric emptying rate and small intestine motility compared to the control group.</p> <p><bold><italic>Conclusion. </italic></bold>The presented model of early-stage PD enables the physiological and immunohistochemical symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction, similar to that of patients with PD, to be replicated. They are based on intestinal denervation changes and accumulation of abnormal forms of alpha-synuclein in the enteric nervous system.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Введение.</italic></bold> При развитии болезни Паркинсона (БП) появлению моторной симптоматики предшествуют немоторные проявления, включая нарушения функций желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ). Моделирование ранней стадии БП с целью комплексной оценки закономерностей морфофункциональных изменений в ЖКТ имеет большое значение для разработки методов ранней диагностики заболевания, более эффективного лечения характерных для БП вегетативных расстройств и повышения качества жизни пациентов.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> работы — предложить модель ранней стадии БП с длительным пероральным введением крысам нейротоксина ротенона в малых дозах и исследовать на этой модели функциональные и иммуногистохимические изменения ЖКТ экспериментальных животных и изменения нигральных стволовых структур.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Опыты проведены на самцах крыс Вистар в возрасте 3,0–3,5 мес. Крысам опытной группы (n = 10) перорально вводили ротенон в виде суспензии в 4% растворе карбоксиметилцеллюлозы в дозе 5 мг/кг через день в течение 7 мес; крысы контрольной группы (n = 10) получали только 4% карбоксиметилцеллюлозу. В начале и в конце эксперимента оценивали двигательную активность животных с помощью тестов «открытое поле» и «сужающаяся дорожка», исследовали моторику ЖКТ путём измерения пути прохождения красителя от привратника желудка в каудальном направлении по тонкой кишке. После декапитации крыс иммуногистохимическими методами оценивали плотность расположения дофаминовых нейронов в чёрном веществе головного мозга, нервных волокон и глии в межмышечном сплетении тонкой кишки, локализацию общего и фосфорилированного α-синуклеина в структурах нервной системы кишечника.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>У крыс опытной группы выявлено статистически значимое снижение количества дофаминовых нейронов в чёрном веществе. В межмышечном сплетении тонкой кишки было значимо меньше нервных волокон и глии и повышена интенсивность флюоресцентного окрашивания на α-синуклеин. Фосфорилированный α-синуклеин выявлен в холинергических и адренергических волокнах межмышечного сплетения. У экспериментальных животных по сравнению с контролем были статистически значимо снижены скорость эвакуации содержимого желудка и моторика тонкой кишки.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold> Предложенная модель ранней стадии БП позволяет воспроизводить физиологические и иммуногистохимические симптомы поражения ЖКТ, сходные с таковыми у пациентов с БП. В их основе лежат денервационные изменения кишечника и накопление в структурах энтеральной нервной системы патологической формы α-синуклеина.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Parkinson's disease</kwd><kwd>rotenone</kwd><kwd>alpha-synuclein</kwd><kwd>enteric nervous system</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>ротенон</kwd><kwd>α-синуклеин</kwd><kwd>энтеральная нервная система</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-15-00320</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Klingelhoefer L., Reichmann H. 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