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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">832</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2022.1.2</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of innate and adaptive immunity in patients with Parkinson's disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности показателей врождённого и адаптивного иммунитета у пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0659</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasakov</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красаков</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Center of Extrapyramidal Disorders, assistant, Department of nervous diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., рук. центра экстрапирамидных заболеваний, преподаватель каф. нервных болезней</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-905X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydova</surname><given-names>Nataliya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыдова</surname><given-names>Наталия Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Head, Clinical immunology laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с., зав. лаб. клинической иммунологии отд. клинико-лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-0866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalashnikova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калашникова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Clinical immunology laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., с.н.с. лаб. клинической иммунологии отд. клинико-лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-3011</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвиненко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head, Department of nervous diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., нач. каф. нервных болезней</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6998-1669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksanin</surname><given-names>Sergey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексанин</surname><given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., чл.-корр. РАН, директор</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-0096</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>Nataliya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Наталия Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), leading researcher, Head, Statistical analysis department, Medical Register, EMERCOM of Russia research laboratory of statistical analysis and forecasting</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., в.н.с. НИО «Медицинский регистр МЧС России»</p></bio><email>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.M. Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Всероссийский центр экстренной и радиационной медицины имени А.М. Никифорова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-03-26"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-03-26"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Krasakov I.V., Davydova N.I., Kalashnikova A.A., Litvinenko I.V., Aleksanin S.S., Makarova N.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Красаков И.В., Давыдова Н.И., Калашникова А.А., Литвиненко И.В., Алексанин С.С., Макарова Н.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krasakov I.V., Davydova N.I., Kalashnikova A.A., Litvinenko I.V., Aleksanin S.S., Makarova N.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Красаков И.В., Давыдова Н.И., Калашникова А.А., Литвиненко И.В., Алексанин С.С., Макарова Н.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/832">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/832</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> T cells play a significant role in neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD). Gamma delta T cells are an under-researched 'minor' subpopulation of T cells. An assessment of the immune system in patients with PD, with a focus on γδТ cells, provides new data on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.</p> <p>The <bold>aim</bold> of the study was to examine the lymphocyte subpopulations, nonclassical γδТ cells, as well as cytokine production in patients with 3 stage PD complicated by motor fluctuations.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> We examined 20 patients with 3 stage PD receiving dopaminergic combination therapy (main group) and 20 age-matched patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease (comparison group). Considering the suspected role of chronic constipation in maintaining dysbiosis and chronic inflammation in patients with PD, the presence of constipation was an inclusion criterion for this study. The subpopulation profile of the peripheral blood lymphocytes was assessed using flow cytofluorometry, as well as cytokine levels using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>It was found that the number of mature CD3<sup>+</sup> T cells with αβ or γδ chains as the T-cell receptors (TCR) in the lymphocyte population was significantly lower in patients with PD — median 74% (57.3–83.5)) than in the comparison group (median 80% (73.0–86.0); р = 0.014. There was also a statistically significant reduction in the number of CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup> natural killer (NK) T cells in the group of patients with PD vs. the comparison group — 4.7% (1.3–7.7) vs. 7.8% (0.8–24); р = 0.036. At the same time, the number of CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup> NK cells was significantly higher in the group of patients with PD (16.4% (9–34)) vs. the comparison group — 8.7% (5–15); р = 0.001. Moreover, the main group had a statistically significantly higher number of activated CD3<sup>–</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> NK cells — 7% (4.5–13.5) vs. the comparison group — 3.5% (0.86–4.9); р &lt; 0.001. Out of the total number of γδТ cells, the TCRγδ CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup> subpopulation was statistically smaller in the group of patients with PD — 13.6% (6.2–27.0) than in the comparison group — 29.8% (4.0–52.1); р = 0.016. The study of cytokine levels in the group of patients with PD showed a significant increase in the induced production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as a high (aberrant) spontaneous production of IL-10, which was 227.5 pg/ml in patients with PD when the normal range is 0–23 pg/ml. The correlation analysis showed that the TCRγδ CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup> subpopulation and cytokines in the group of patients with PD had a statistically significant (p = 0.048) negative correlation with the induced production of IL-10 (r = –0.745) and a significant (p = 0.042) positive correlation with the induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (r = 0.648). There was a trend towards increased spontaneous production of IL-10 (r = –0.602; p = 0.0506) as the level of the TCRγδ CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup> T helper cells decreased.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Changes were found in the blood of patients with PD, which indicate a chronic inflammatory process: increased number of CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup> NK cells, including activated CD3<sup>–</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> cells, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. A decrease was found in the level of a minor subpopulation of γδT cells, TCRγδ CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup>. The correlation found between this subpopulation and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines indicates its role in regulation of chronic inflammation in PD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Т-клеточное звено играет существенную роль в нейровоспалении при болезни Паркинсона (БП). γδТ-клетки являются малоизученной «минорной» субпопуляцией Т-лимфоцитов. Оценка состояния иммунной системы у пациентов с БП с фокусом на γδТ-лимфоцитах позволяет получить новые данные о патогенезе нейродегенеративных заболеваний.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> исследования — изучение субпопуляций лимфоцитов, неклассических γδТ-лимфоцитов и продукции цитокинов у пациентов с 3 стадией БП, осложнённой моторными флуктуациями.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Обследованы 20 пациентов с 3 стадией БП, получающих комбинированную дофаминергическую терапию (основная группа) и 20 пациентов с хроническими цереброваскулярными заболеваниями сопоставимого возраста (группа сравнения). С учётом предполагаемой роли хронического запора в поддержании у пациентов с БП дисбиотических состояний и хронического воспаления наличие запоров являлось критерием включения пациента в исследование. Проведена оценка субпопуляционного состава лимфоцитов периферической крови методом проточной цитофлуориметрии, а также уровня цитокинов методом иммуноферментного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлено, что количество зрелых CD3<sup>+</sup>-Т-лимфоцитов, Т-клеточный рецептор (T-cell receptor, TCR) которых представлен αβ- или γδ-цепями, в популяции лимфоцитов в группе пациентов с БП было значимо ниже (медиана 74% (57,3–83,5), чем в группе сравнения — 80% (73,0–86,0); р = 0,014. Также выявлено достоверное снижение количества CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>-натуральных киллеров (NK) в группе пациентов с БП — 4,7% (1,3–7,7), тогда как в группе сравнения — 7,8% (0,8–24); р = 0,036. При этом в группе пациентов с БП количество CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>-NK-клеток было значимо выше — 16,4% (9–34), чем в группе сравнения — 8,7% (5–15); р = 0,001. Кроме того, в основной группе выявлено достоверное повышение количества активированных CD3<sup>–</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup>-NK-клеток — 7% (4,5–13,5), в группе сравнения — 3,5% (0,86–4,9); р &lt; 0,001. Среди общего количества γδТ-клеток субпопуляция Т-хелперов CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup>-TCRγδ была достоверно ниже в группе пациентов с БП — 13,6% (6,2–27,0), чем в группе сравнения — 29,8% (4,0–52,1); р = 0,016. При исследовании уровней цитокинов в группе пациентов с БП выявлено значимое повышение индуцированной продукции интерлейкина (ИЛ)-1β, а также высокая (аберрантная) спонтанная продукция ИЛ-10, которая в группе пациентов с БП составила 227,5 пг/мл при норме 0–23 пг/мл. В результате корреляционного анализа субпопуляции Т-хелперов CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup>-TCRγδ и цитокинов в группе пациентов с БП выявлена достоверная (p = 0,048) обратная взаимосвязь с индуцированной продукцией ИЛ-10 (r = –0,745) и значимая (p = 0,042) прямая связь с индуцированной продукцией провоспалительного цитокина ИЛ-1β (r = 0,648). Выявлена тенденция к повышению спонтанной продукции ИЛ-10 (r = –0,602; p = 0,0506) при снижении уровня Т-хелперов CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup>-TCRγδ.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В крови пациентов с БП выявлены изменения, свидетельствующие о наличии хронического воспалительного процесса: увеличение количества NK-клеток CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>, в том числе активированных CD3<sup>–</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup>, повышение продукции провоспалительного цитокина ИЛ-1β и противовоспалительного цитокина ИЛ-10. Определено снижение содержания минорной субпопуляции γδT-клеток CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup>-TCRγδ. Выявленная взаимосвязь этой субпопуляции с продукцией про- и противовоспалительных цитокинов позволяет предположить ее роль в регуляции хронического воспаления при БП.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Parkinson's disease</kwd><kwd>γδТ cells</kwd><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>immunity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>γδТ-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>иммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinenko I.V., Krasakov I.V., Bisaga G.N. et al. Modern conception of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic strategy. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2017;6-2:3–10. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2017117623-10. PMID: 28980606. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Литвиненко И.В., Красаков И.В., Бисага Г.Н. и др. 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