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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2023.1.7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neuroinflammation as secondary damage in head injury</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейровоспаление как процесс вторичного повреждения при черепно-мозговой травме</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-0572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karchevskaya</surname><given-names>Anna E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карчевская</surname><given-names>Анна Евгеньевнна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of General and Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Student, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Clinical Psychologist, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. общей и клинической нейрофизиологии ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН»; медицинский психолог ФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко»; студентка ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>ankar1998@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8467-0623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Payushina</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паюшина</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., доцент каф. гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>payushina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4994-4187</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7003870497</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5233-9615</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарова</surname><given-names>Елена Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of General and Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., зав. лаб. общей и клинической нейрофизиологии ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН»</p></bio><email>ESharova@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-1183</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6602961277</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2614-8209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oknina</surname><given-names>Lyubov B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Окнина</surname><given-names>Любовь Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of General and Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., с.н.с. лаб. общей и клинической нейрофизиологии ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН»</p></bio><email>lyubov.oknina@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-7777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>Oleg Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>Олег Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант ФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко»</p></bio><email>neurolegtitov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-05-26"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-05"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Karchevskaya A.E., Payushina O.V., Sharova E.V., Oknina L.B., Titov O.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Карчевская А.Е., Паюшина О.В., Шарова Е.В., Окнина Л.Б., Титов О.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karchevskaya A.E., Payushina O.V., Sharova E.V., Oknina L.B., Titov O.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карчевская А.Е., Паюшина О.В., Шарова Е.В., Окнина Л.Б., Титов О.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/850">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/850</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Head injury is one of the main disability causes among the working-age population. Stroke energy induces mechanical injury of tissues to launch secondary damage, i.e. neurotransmission, blood-brain barrier disruption, blood infiltration of brain tissues, cytokine and chemokine overexpression, and other processes. Activated by the injury, microglia plays a special part to initially 'protect' intact tissues from the products of necrosis and apoptosis. After the injury, microglia rapidly differentiates to phenotypes М1 and М2. Pro-inflammatory phenotype М1 produces neuronal cytotoxic cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and NO that induce apoptosis while phenotype М2 secretes IL-4 and IL-13 that may supposedly reduce inflammation and improve recovery of brain tissues. М2 response lasts much less than М1 response, and increasing pro-inflammatory activation leads to further neuronal death, which affects cognitive and physical status of patients with head injury. The review covers main biochemical processes in the injured brain and possible ways of neuroinflammation modulation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Черепно-мозговая травма (ЧМТ) является одной из основных причин инвалидизации трудоспособного населения. Энергия удара приводит к механическому повреждению тканей, после чего запускаются вторичные процессы повреждения, выражающиеся в нарушении медиаторного обмена, разрыве гематоэнцефалического барьера, инфильтрации кровью ткани головного мозга, повышенной продукции цитокинов и хемокинов и ряде других процессов. Особую роль отводят микроглии, которая активируется в ответ на удар и в начальные этапы после травмы «защищает» оставшуюся ткань от продуктов некроза и апоптоза. Микроглия после травмы быстро дифференцируется на провоспалительный фенотип М1, который начинает продуцировать цитотоксические для нейронов цитокины — фактор некроза опухоли-α, интерлейкины (ИЛ)-6 и ИЛ-1β, NO, запускающие процесс апоптоза, и фенотип М2, секретирующий ИЛ-4 и ИЛ-13, которые, как предполагают, уменьшают воспаление и улучшают восстановление тканей головного мозга. М2-ответ длится значительно меньше, чем М1, и нарастающая провоспалительная активация ведёт к дальнейшей гибели нейронов. Всё это негативно сказывается на когнитивном и физическом статусе пациентов, перенёсших ЧМТ. В обзоре рассмотрены основные биохимические процессы, которые происходят после ЧМТ, и возможные способы модуляции нейровоспалительного процесса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>head injury</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>tumor necrosis factor-α</kwd><kwd>interleukin</kwd><kwd>secondary damage</kwd><kwd>microglia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>фактор некроза опухоли-α</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин</kwd><kwd>вторичные повреждения</kwd><kwd>микроглия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Потапов А.А., Лихтерман Л.Б., Кравчук А.Д. и др. Современные подходы к изучению и лечению черепно-мозговой травмы. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2010; 4(1): 4–12. Potapov A.A., Lihterman L.B., Kravchuk A.D. et al. 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