<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">892</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2022.4.3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Survival, cognitive functions, and brain MRI in patients with cSVD: 5-year observation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выживаемость, изменения когнитивных функций и состояния головного мозга у пациентов с церебральной микроангиопатией (болезнью мелких сосудов): 5-летнее наблюдение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-2725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dobrynina</surname><given-names>Larisa A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Добрынина</surname><given-names>Лариса Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), chief researcher, Head, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., г.н.с., зав. 3-го неврологического отделения</p></bio><email>dobrla@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-4063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gadzhieva</surname><given-names>Zukhra Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаджиева</surname><given-names>Зухра Шарапутдиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), researcher, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., н.с. 3-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>zuhradoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9396-6063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kremneva</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кремнева</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), radiologist, senior researcher, Neuroradiology department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач-рентгенолог, с.н.с. отд. лучевой диагностики Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>kremneva@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-1352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamtieva</surname><given-names>Kamila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамтиева</surname><given-names>Камила Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), researcher, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., н.с. 3-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>kamila.shamt@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4231-3895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsypushtanova</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыпуштанова</surname><given-names>Мария Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, neurologist, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-невролог 3-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>tzipushtanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8862-654X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>Angelina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Ангелина Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, neurologist, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-невролог 3-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>angelinagm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-6541</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trubitsyna</surname><given-names>Victoria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Tрубицына</surname><given-names>Виктория Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, radiologist, Neuroradiology department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-рентгенолог отд. лучевой диагностики Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>pobeda-1994@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-0722</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bitsieva</surname><given-names>Elina T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бициева</surname><given-names>Элина Таймуразовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, neurologist, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-невролог 3-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>elinabitsieva1997@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5706-6997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatov</surname><given-names>Aleksey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филатов</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, radiologist, Neuroradiology department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-рентгенолог отд. лучевой диагностики Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>fil4tovmd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2285-2533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Byrochkina</surname><given-names>Aleksandra A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бырочкина</surname><given-names>Александра Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, neurologist, 3<sup>rd</sup> Neurological department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-невролог 3-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>byrochkinasasha@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-4554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krotenkova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кротенкова</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Head, Neuroradiology department, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Neurology, Research Center of Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. отд. лучевой диагностики Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>krotenkova_mrt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-05"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-10-10"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Kremneva E.I., Shamtieva K.V., Tsypushtanova M.M., Makarova A.G., Trubitsyna V.V., Bitsieva E.T., Filatov A.S., Byrochkina A.A., Krotenkova M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Добрынина Л.А., Гаджиева З.Ш., Кремнева Е.И., Шамтиева К.В., Цыпуштанова М.М., Макарова А.Г., Tрубицына В.В., Бициева Э.Т., Филатов А.С., Бырочкина А.А., Кротенкова М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Kremneva E.I., Shamtieva K.V., Tsypushtanova M.M., Makarova A.G., Trubitsyna V.V., Bitsieva E.T., Filatov A.S., Byrochkina A.A., Krotenkova M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Добрынина Л.А., Гаджиева З.Ш., Кремнева Е.И., Шамтиева К.В., Цыпуштанова М.М., Макарова А.Г., Tрубицына В.В., Бициева Э.Т., Филатов А.С., Бырочкина А.А., Кротенкова М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/892">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/892</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Contributing to high disability and mortality, cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a common condition in senior and elderly individuals.</p> <p><bold><italic>Objective: </italic></bold>to assess the 5-year survival as well as cognitive and MRI changes in patients with cSVD and cognitive impairment (CI).</p> <p><bold><italic>Materials and methods.</italic></bold> A prospective 5-year study included 54 patients (of them 37 women; mean age: 60.51 ± 6.76 years) with cSVD, CIs, and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs; Fazekas 2–3). Twenty-two subjects were followed up to assess cognitive functions and a type of CI, cSVD MRI features, WMH, white and grey matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume as well as microstructural brain changes and correlate cognitive and MRI parameters at 5 years timepoint after the baseline.</p> <p><bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Dementia developed in 14% of the subjects and 14% of the subjects died over a 5-year period. The subjects assessed twice had controlled hypertension (HTN). CIs worsened in the domain of executive functions and memory with mixed-type CI worsening. The follow-up showed that the WMH and CSF volume increased while the white matter volume decreased and axial diffusivity increased in the corpus callosum. The CSF volume correlated with the Stroop Test results and delayed memory (r = 0.803 and r = –0.701, respectively) and with white matter atrophy (r = –0.256) while the latter correlated with the axial diffusivity increased in the corpus callosum (r = –0.560).</p> <p><bold><italic>Conclusion.</italic></bold> cSVD with advanced WMHs is associated with high mortality and dementia progression. General cognition assessment and MRI scan are not enough sensitive to assess disorder progression over a 5-year period. Stroop Test and Delayed 10-Word Recall Test results and transition to mixed-type CI indicate CI worsening and, therefore, can be used for the follow-up assessment. Cognitive decline in extensive cSVD is mediated by the brain matter atrophy and altered CSF circulation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Введение.</italic></bold> Церебральная микроангиопатия (ЦМА) является распространённым заболеванием старшего и пожилого возраста с высоким вкладом в инвалидизацию и смертность.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> исследования: изучить пятилетнюю динамику выживаемости, когнитивных и МРТ-изменений у пациентов с ЦМА и когнитивными расстройствами (КР).</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Проспективно в течение 5 лет наблюдали 54 пациента (средний возраст — 60,51 ± 6,76 года; из них 37 женщин) с ЦМА, КР и гиперинтенсивностью белого вещества (ГИБВ) в стадии Fazekas 2–3. Расширенное обследование прошли 22 пациента с интервалом 5 лет. Оценивали когнитивные функции с определением типа КР, диагностические МРТ-признаки ЦМА, объём ГИБВ, белого и серого вещества, цереброспинальной жидкости (ЦСЖ), микроструктурные изменения мозга; уточняли взаимосвязи между когнитивными и МРТ-показателями.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>За 5 лет умерли 14% пациентов, деменция развилась у 14%. Пациенты, прошедшие двукратное обследование, имели контролируемую артериальную гипертензию. Усиление тяжести КР отмечено в домене управляющих функций мозга и памяти, с неуклонным нарастанием смешанного типа КР. Выявлено увеличение объёма ГИБВ, ЦСЖ, уменьшение объёма белого вещества, нарастание аксиальной диффузии в мозолистом теле. Объём ЦСЖ коррелировал с результатами теста Струпа и отсроченной памяти (r = 0,803 и r = –0,701 соответственно), атрофией белого вещества (r = –0,256), а последняя — с аксиальной диффузией в мозолистом теле (r = –0,560).</p> <p><bold><italic>Выводы. </italic></bold>ЦМА с распространённой ГИБВ сопряжена с высокой смертностью и прогрессированием деменции. Общий когнитивный уровень и МРТ-признаки имеют недостаточную чувствительность в оценке прогрессирования заболевания за 5-летний период. Показатели теста Струпа, отсроченного воспроизведения теста заучивания 10 слов и переход к смешанному типу КР отражают нарастание тяжести КР и могут использоваться для динамической оценки состояния пациентов. Ухудшение когнитивных функций в развёрнутой стадии ЦМА опосредуется атрофией и изменением циркуляции ЦСЖ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cerebral small vessel disease</kwd><kwd>small vessel disease</kwd><kwd>cognitive disorders</kwd><kwd>hypertension</kwd><kwd>prospective study</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>церебральная микроангиопатия</kwd><kwd>болезнь мелких сосудов</kwd><kwd>когнитивные расстройства</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>проспективное исследование</kwd><kwd>смертность</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-15-00183</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(7): 689–701. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Wardlaw J.M., Smith E.E., Biessels G.J. et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(8): 822–838. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Cannistraro R.J., Badi M., Eidelman B.H. et al. CNS small vessel disease: a clinical review. Neurology. 2019; 92(24): 1146–1156. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007654.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Maillard P., Crivello F., Dufouil C. et al. Longitudinal follow-up of individual white matter hyperintensities in a large cohort of elderly. Neuroradiology. 2009; 51(4): 209–220. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-008-0489-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Hilal S., Mok V., Youn Y.C. et al. Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of cerebral small vessel diseases: data from three Asian countries. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2017; 88(8): 669–674. DOI: 10.1136/JNNP-2016-315324</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Inzitari D., Pracucci G., Poggesi A. et al. Changes in white matter as determinant of global functional decline in older independent outpatients: three year follow-up of LADIS (leukoaraiosis and disability) study cohort. BMJ. 2009; 339: b2477. DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.b2477</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Yilmaz P., Ikram M.K., Niessen W.J. et al. Practical small vessel disease score relates to stroke, dementia, and death. Stroke. 2018; 49(12): 2857–2865. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022485</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Wallin A., Nordlund A., Jonsson M. et al. The Gothenburg MCI study: design and distribution of Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical vascular disease diagnoses from baseline to 6-year follow-up. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2016; 36(1): 114–131. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S352651</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bath P.M., Wardlaw J.M. Pharmacological treatment and prevention of cerebral small vessel disease: a review of potential interventions. Int. J. Stroke. 2015; 10(4): 469–478. DOI: 10.1111/IJS.12466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Weber R., Weimar C., Blatchford J. et al. Telmisartan on top of antihypertensive treatment does not prevent progression of cerebral white matter lesions in the prevention regimen for effectively avoiding second strokes (PRoFESS) MRI substudy. Stroke. 2012; 43(9): 2336–2342. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.648576</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Williamson J.D., Pajewski N.M., Auchus A.P. et al. Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019; 321(6): 553–561. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2018.21442</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Nasrallah I.M., Pajewski N.M., Auchus A.P. et al. Association of intensive vs standard blood pressure control with cerebral white matter lesions. JAMA. 2019; 322(6): 524–534. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2019.10551</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kwan J., Hafdi M., Chiang L.W. et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent cognitive decline in people with small vessel disease on neuroimaging but without dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2022; 7(7): CD012269. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012269.pub2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Lawrence A.J., Brookes R.L., Zeestraten E.A. et al. Pattern and rate of cognitive decline in cerebral small vessel disease: a prospective study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8): e0135523. DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0135523</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sachdev P., Kalaria R., O’Brien J. et al. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: A VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 2014; 28: 206–218. DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Dufouil C., Chalmers J., Coskun O. et al. PROGRESS MRI Substudy Investigators. Effects of blood pressure lowering on cerebral white matter hyperintensities in patients with stroke: the PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Substudy. Circulation. 2005; 112(11): 1644–1650. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.501163</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Wardlaw J.M., Debette S., Jokinen H. et al. ESO Guideline on covert cerebral small vessel disease. Eur. Stroke J. 2021; 6(2): CXI–CLXII. DOI: 10.1177/23969873211027002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Кремнева Е.И., Максимов И.И., Добрынина Л.А., Кротенкова М.В. Оценка микроструктуры белого вещества головного мозга по данным диффузионной магнитно-резонансной томографии: возможности и клиническое применение на примере церебральной микроангиопатии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2020; 14(1): 33–43. Kremneva E.I., Maximov I.I., Dobrynina L.A., Krotenkova M.V. The assessment of cerebral white matter microstructure in cerebral small vessel disease based on the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of Clinical and experimental Neurology. 2020; 14(1): 33–43. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.25692/ACEN.2020.1.4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pasi M., van Uden I.W., Tuladhar A.M. et al. White matter microstructural damage on diffusion tensor imaging in cerebral small vessel disease: clinical consequences. Stroke. 2016; 47(6): 1679–1684. DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.012065</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Raja R., Rosenberg G., Caprihan A. Review of diffusion MRI studies in chronic white matter diseases. Neurosci. Lett. 2019; 694: 198–207. DOI: 10.1016/J.NEULET.2018.12.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.S., Shamtieva K.V. et al. Microstructural predictors of cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease and the conditions of their formation. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020; 10(9): 720.DOI: 10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS10090720</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Добрынина Л.А., Гаджиева З.Ш., Шамтиева К.В. и др. Предикторы и интегративный показатель тяжести когнитивных расстройств при церебральной микроангиопатии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2022; 122(4): 52–60. Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.Sh., Shamtieva K.V. et al. Predictors and integrative index of severity of cognitive disorders in cerebral microangiopathy. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2022; 122(4): 52–60. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/JNEVRO202212204152</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Iadecola C. The overlap between neurodegenerative and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2010; 120: 287–296.DOI: 10.1007/S00401-010-0718-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Attems J., Jellinger K.A. The overlap between vascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease — lessons from pathology. BMC Med. 2014; 12: 206. DOI: 10.1186/S12916-014-0206-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Deramacourt V., Slade J.Y., Oakley A.E. et al. Staging and natural history of cerebrovascular pathology in dementia. Neurology. 2012; 78: 1043–1050. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824e8e7f</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Scott T.M., Bhadelia R.A., Qiu W.Q. et al. Small vessel cerebrovascular pathology identified by magnetic resonance imaging is prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a potential target for intervention. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2018; 65(1): 293–302. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-180366</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Barnes D., Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10(9): 819–828. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Mu R., Qin X., Guo Z. et al. Prevalence and consequences of cerebral small vessel diseases: a cross-sectional study based on community people plotted against 5-year age strata. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2022; 18: 499–512. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S352651</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Добрынина Л.А., Гаджиева З.Ш., Калашникова Л.А. и др. Нейропсихологический профиль и факторы сосудистого риска у больных с церебральной микроангиопатией. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2018; 12(4): 5–15. Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.Sh., Kalashnikova L.A. et al. Neuropsychological profile and vascular risk factors in patients with cerebral microangiopathy. Annals of clinical and experimental neurology. 2018; 12(4): 5–15. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.25692/ACEN.2018.4.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Добрынина Л.А., Гаджиева З.Ш., Шамтиева К.В. и др. Связь нарушений кровотока и ликворотока с повреждением стратегических для когнитивных расстройств зон мозга при церебральной микроангиопатии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2022; 16(2): 25–35. Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.Sh., Shamtieva K.V. et al. Relations of impaired blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid flow with damage of strategic for cognitive impairment brain regiones in cerebral small vessel disease. Annals of clinical and experimental neurology. 2022; 16(2): 25–35. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.54101/ACEN.2022.2.3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Verhaaren B.F., Vernooij M.W., de Boer R. et al. High blood pressure and cerebral white matter lesion progression in the general population. Hypertension. 2013; 61(6): 1354–1359. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00430</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Godin O., Tzourio C., Maillard P. et al. Antihypertensive treatment and change in blood pressure are associated with the progression of white matter lesion volumes: the Three-City (3C)-Dijon magnetic resonance imaging study. Circulation. 2011; 123(3): 266–273. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.961052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Gouw A.A., van der Flier W.M., Fazekas F. et al. Progression of white matter hyperintensities and incidence of new lacunes over a 3-year period: the Leukoaraiosis and Disability study. Stroke. 2008; 39(5): 1414–1420. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.498535</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>van Dijk E.J., Prins N.D., Vrooman H.A. et al. Progression of cerebral small vessel disease in relation to risk factors and cognitive consequences: Rotterdam Scan study. Stroke. 2008; 39(10): 2712–2719. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.513176</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Schmidt R., Seiler S., Loitfelder M. Longitudinal change of small-vessel disease-related brain abnormalities. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2016; 36(1): 26–39. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.72</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Poels M.M., Ikram M.A., van der Lugt A. et al. Incidence of cerebral microbleeds in the general population: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke. 2011; 42(3): 656–661. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607184</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Lee S.H., Lee S.T., Kim B.J. et al. Dynamic temporal change of cerebral microbleeds: long-term follow-up MRI study. PLoS One. 2011; 6(10): e25930. DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0025930</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Добрынина Л.А., Гаджиева З.Ш., Ахметзянов Б.М. и др. Роль нарушений артериального, венозного кровотока и ликворотока в формировании когнитивных расстройств при возрастзависимой церебральной микроангиопатии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019; 119 (12 вып. 2): 81–88. Dobrynina L.A., Gadzhieva Z.Sh., Akhmetzyanov B.M. et al. The role of arterial, venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid flow disturbances in forming cognitive impairment in age-related cerebral microangiophathy. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019; 119 (12vyp2): 81–88. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/JNEVRO201911912281</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Iliff J.J., Wang M., Liao Y. et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012; 4: 1–11. DOI: 10.1126/SCITRANLMED.3003748</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Reeves B.C., Karimy J.K., Kundishora A.J. et al. Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Trends Mol. Med. 2020; 26(3): 285–295. DOI: 10.1016/J.MOLMED.2019.11.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Koundal S., Elkin R., Nadeem S. et al. Optimal mass transport with Lagrangian workflow reveals advective and diffusion driven solute transport in the glymphatic system. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1): 1990. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59045-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Benveniste H., Nedergaard M. Cerebral small vessel disease: a glymphopathy? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2022; 72: 15–21. DOI: 10.1016/J.CONB.2021.07.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Custodio N., Montesinos R., Lira D. et al. Mixed dementia: a review of the evidence. Dement. Neuropsychol. 2017; 11(4): 364–370. DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Williams O.A., Zeestraten E.A., Benjamin P. et al. Diffusion tensor image segmentation of the cerebrum provides a single measure of cerebral small vessel disease severity related to cognitive change. Neuroimage Clin. 2017; 16: 330–342. DOI: 10.1016/J.NICL.2017.08.01621</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Williams O.A., Zeestraten E.A., Benjamin P. et al. Predicting dementia in cerebral small vessel disease using an automatic diffusion tensor image segmentation technique. Stroke. 2019; 50(10): 2775–2782. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025843</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Winklewski P.J., Sabisz A., Naumczyk P. et al. Understanding the physiopathology behind axial and radial diffusivity changes — what do we know? Front. Neurol. 2018; 9: 92.DOI: 10.3389/FNTUR.2018.00092</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Kalaria R.N., Erkinjuntti T. Small vessel disease and subcortical vascular dementia. J. Clin. Neurol. 2006; 2(1): 1–11.DOI: 10.3988/JCN.2006.2.1.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Bardehle S., Rafalski V.A., Akassoglou K. Breaking boundaries-coagulation and fibrinolysis at the neurovascular interface. Front. Cell Neurosci. 2015; 9: 354. DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00354</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Shi Y., Wardlaw J.M. Update on cerebral small vessel disease: a dynamic whole-brain disease. Stroke Vascular Neurol. 2016; 1(3): 83–92. DOI: 10.1136/svn-2016-000035</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
