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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">917</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2023.3.7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pathophysiology and biomechanics of stretch-induced peripheral nerve injuries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Патофизиологические и биомеханические основы индуцированных растяжением травм периферических нервов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-2060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karakulova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каракулова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Department of neuro- logy and medical genetics, vice-rector for medical work, E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Perm, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой неврологии и медицинской генетики, проректор по лечебной работе ФГБОУ ВО ПГМУ им. академика Е.А. Вагнера, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>julia.karakulova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-8159</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2571-3067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kloyan</surname><given-names>Gayane Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клоян</surname><given-names>Гаянэ Зурабиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Department of computational mathe- matics, mechanics and biomechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры вычислительной математики, механики и биомеханики ФГАОУ ВО ПНИПУ, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>kloyang@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-4710</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5241-7919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muravev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муравьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of Research and Development, Yord Tech LLC, Perm, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., руководитель по научным исследованиям и разработкам ООО «Йорд Тех», Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>sergey89.m@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6391-9271</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1325-5404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shitoev</surname><given-names>Ivan D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шитоев</surname><given-names>Иван Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General Director, Yord Tech LLC, Perm, Russia; research assistant, Department of computational mathematics, mechanics and biomecha- nics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>генеральный директор ООО «Йорд Тех», Пермь, Россия; младший преподаватель кафедры вычислительной математики, механики и биомеханики ФГАОУ ВО ПНИПУ, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>shitoevID@yord.tech</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-9088</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8112-5167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>Vladislav N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Владислав Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor, Department of computational mathematics, mechanics and biomechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., доцент кафедры вычислительной математики, механики и биомеханики ФГАОУ ВО ПНИПУ, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>nikitinvladislav86@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1471-8326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Maria D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Мария Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Department of computational mathe- matics, mechanics and biomechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры вычислительной математики, механики и биомеханики ФГАОУ ВО ПНИПУ, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>ivanova-mashaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yord Tech</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Йорд Тех»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Karakulova Y.V., Kloyan G.Z., Muravev S.V., Shitoev I.D., Nikitin V.N., Ivanova M.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Каракулова Ю.В., Клоян Г.З., Муравьев С.В., Шитоев И.Д., Никитин В.Н., Иванова М.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karakulova Y.V., Kloyan G.Z., Muravev S.V., Shitoev I.D., Nikitin V.N., Ivanova M.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каракулова Ю.В., Клоян Г.З., Муравьев С.В., Шитоев И.Д., Никитин В.Н., Иванова М.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/917">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/917</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective</bold>: to investigate pathophysiology and biomechanics of the nerve stretching and to form a biomechanical model of a nerve stretch injury.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. We analyzed and summarized the data from open access sources (eLibrary, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed) with unlimited search depth. A search was performed using the following keywords: растяжение нерва (English: nerve stretching), stretching nerve, biomechanical nerve stretching, nerve stretching injury.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. Here are presented key historical information and biochemical, neurophysiological, and biomechanical events related to a nerve stretch injury. Objective experimental data on the nerve stretching process are summarized.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions</bold>. A nerve is a heterogeneous elastic cord, which can be slightly stretched under physiological conditions due to the involvement of its sheath structures. In a stretched nerve, ischemic lesions have an early onset and further become irreversible. Nerve conduction disorders occur, resulting in a severe neurological deficit. When the nerve is stretched by more than a third, it ruptures and the sequence in which fragmented neural structures occur during nerve tension remains unclear.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold> работы — изучить патофизиологические и биомеханические аспекты процесса растяжения нерва, сформировать биомеханическую модель развития стрейч-травмы нерва.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Проанализированы и обобщены литературные данные открытых источников (eLibrary, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed) с неограниченной глубиной поиска. Поиск проводился по следующим ключевым словам: растяжение нерва, stretching nerve, biomechanical nerve stretching, nerve stretching injury.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Представлены основные исторические сведения, данные о биохимических, нейрофизиологических и биомеханических явлениях стрейч-травмы нерва. Обобщены объективные данные экспериментальных работ в области процесса растяжения нерва.</p> <p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Показано, что нерв представляет собой гетерогенный эластичный тяж, который может быть незначительно растянут в физиологических условиях за счёт его оболочечных структур. В растянутом нерве рано дебютируют и становятся необратимыми ишемические повреждения. При этом наступают нарушения проводимости с исходом в грубый неврологический дефект. При растяжении нерва более чем на треть происходит его разрыв — очерёдность возникновения фрагментации невральных структур при разрыве нерва при его натяжении остаётся неоднозначной.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nerve</kwd><kwd>stretch injuries</kwd><kwd>nerve stretching</kwd><kwd>conduction</kwd><kwd>sciatic nerve</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нерв</kwd><kwd>стретчинг-травмы</kwd><kwd>растяжение нерва</kwd><kwd>проводимость</kwd><kwd>седалищный нерв</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский научно-образовательный центр мирового уровня «Рациональное недропользование»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Perm World-class Scientific and Educational Center "Rational Subsoil Use"</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Золотов А.С., Пак О.И. 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