<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2023.3.4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Three-year survival rate and changes in the level of consciousness in outpatients after severe brain injuries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Трёхгодичная выживаемость и динамика уровня сознания у пациентов с последствиями тяжёлых повреждений головного мозга на амбулаторном этапе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-8501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nekrasova</surname><given-names>Iuliia Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Некрасова</surname><given-names>Юлия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.), researcher, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., н.с., ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>nekrasova84@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-796X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grechko</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гречко</surname><given-names>Андрей Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, директор ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>nekrasova84@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-1048</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanarskii</surname><given-names>Mikhail</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Канарский</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>kanarmm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-118X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Ilya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Илья Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>realzel@gmal.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-7504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pradhan</surname><given-names>Pranil</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прадхан</surname><given-names>Пранил</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>pranilpr@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhin</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>physician, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>muhinav@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-7366</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yankevich</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янкевич</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Станиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Deputy Head, Research Institute of Rehabilitology for Innovations, Head, Laboratory of motor rehabilitation, restoration of swallowing and speech, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зам. руководителя НИИ реабилитологии по инновациям, зав. лаб. двигательной реабилитации, восстановления глотания и речи ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>nekrasova84@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-0957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Deputy director for scientific and clinical activities, Research and Clinical Center for Reanimatology and Rehabili- tation, Moscow, Russia; Head, Department of anesthesiology and resuscitation, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зам. директора по научно-клинической деятельности ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии», Москва, Россия; зав. кафедрой анестезиологии и реаниматологии Медицинского института ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы», Москва, Россия</p></bio><email>mpetrova@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-01-23"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-18"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Nekrasova I.Y., Grechko A.V., Kanarskii M., Borisov I.V., Pradhan P., Mukhin A.V., Yankevich D.S., Petrova M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Некрасова Ю.Ю., Гречко А.В., Канарский М.М., Борисов И.В., Прадхан П., Мухин А.В., Янкевич Д.С., Петрова М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nekrasova I.Y., Grechko A.V., Kanarskii M., Borisov I.V., Pradhan P., Mukhin A.V., Yankevich D.S., Petrova M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Некрасова Ю.Ю., Гречко А.В., Канарский М.М., Борисов И.В., Прадхан П., Мухин А.В., Янкевич Д.С., Петрова М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/931">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/931</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. There is a worldwide lack of statistical data about the patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). In Russia, there are no such data at all.</p> <p><bold>Objective</bold>: to perform the first study in Russia to assess the survival rate and changes in the level of consciousness in outpatients with the chronic DOC after their hospital discharge as well as to identify the predictors of survival and improvement in the level of consciousness.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. All the participants (n = 142) underwent their treatment and rehabilitation in Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology from January 2016 to January 2020. We recorded the changes in patient's vital status and their level of consciousness at the endpoints of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months from the brain injury (both for hospital and outpatient stages). We used the Kaplan–Meier method to assess the survival rate. We also used the logistic regression model to determine the correlation between the predictors of the survival and the improvement in the level of consciousness at baseline and 36 months after the injury.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. The mortality rate in the study group 3 years after the brain injury was 86.6%. Regardless of the survival rate, the level of consciousness had significantly improved (i.e., they regained communication) in 22.5% of patients within 3 years after the index event. The statistically significant final model of the regression analysis (for 142 patients) showed that younger age and higher overall CRS-R score improved the survival rate. The logistic regression model used to determine the predictors of the improvement in the level of consciousness among the survivors gave no significant results.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions</bold>. High mortality rate among the outpatients, whose level of consciousness had improved at discharge, proves the ineffectiveness of the outpatient rehabilitation. Thus, we need to find a way to improve it. The authors hope that the data obtained in this study will form the basis of their research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Статистические данные о пациентах с хроническими нарушениями сознания (ХНС) во всём мире представлены недостаточно полно. В России данные такого рода отсутствуют.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> работы было проведение первого в России исследования выживаемости и динамики уровня сознания у пациентов с ХНС на амбулаторном этапе после выписки из стационара, а также поиск предикторов выживаемости и повышения уровня сознания.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Все участники исследования (n = 142) проходили лечение и реабилитацию в ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии» с января 2016 г. по январь 2020 г. Изменения в жизненном статусе и уровне сознания фиксировались в контрольных точках, соответствующих 3, 6, 12, 24 и 36 мес от события, повлёкшего ХНС, на стационарном и амбулаторном этапах. Для проведения анализа выживаемости был использован метод Каплана–Мейера. Для определения корреляции между предикторами выживаемости и положительной динамикой уровня сознания на исходном уровне и через 36 мес после травмы использовали модель логистической регрессии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Смертность в исследуемой группе через 3 года после события, повлёкшего ХНС, составила 86,6%. Независимо от выживаемости, в течение 3 лет после повреждения головного мозга у 22,5% пациентов значимо (с восстановлением коммуникативных навыков) повысился уровень сознания. Регрессионный анализ показал значимую окончательную модель для 142 пациентов, в которой более молодой возраст и более высокий общий балл по шкале CRS-R были достоверно связаны с выживаемостью. Применение модели логистической регрессии к выжившим пациентам для поиска предикторов положительной динамики уровня сознания не дало значимых результатов.</p> <p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Продемонстрированная в исследовании высокая смертность среди пациентов, повысивших уровень сознания при выписке из стационара, может свидетельствовать о нефункциональности амбулаторного этапа реабилитации на текущий момент и необходимости мер по его совершенствованию. Авторы надеются, что полученные данные лягут в основу их разработки.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic disorders of consciousness</kwd><kwd>survival rate</kwd><kwd>improvement in the level of consciousness</kwd><kwd>ambulatory rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронические нарушения сознания</kwd><kwd>выживаемость</kwd><kwd>эволюция уровня сознания</kwd><kwd>амбулаторный этап реабилитации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (1). N. Engl. J. Med. 1994;330(21):1499–1508. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199405263302107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Jennett B., Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. Lancet. 1972;299(7753):734–737. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90242-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Laureys S., Celesia G.G., Cohadon F. et al. Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome. BMC Med. 2010;8:68. DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-68</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Owen A.M. Detecting consciousness: a unique role for neuroimaging. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2013;64(1):109–133. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143729</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Giacino J.T., Katz D.I., Schiff N.D. et al. Practice guideline update recommendations summary: Disorders of consciousness: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. Neurology. 2018;91(10):450–460. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005926</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Giacino J.T., Ashwal S., Childs N. et al. The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 2002;58(3):349–353. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.58.3.349</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Wade D.T. How many patients in a prolonged disorder of consciousness might need a best interests meeting about starting or continuing gastrostomy feeding? Clin. Rehabil. 2018;32(11):1551–1564. DOI: 10.1177/0269215518777285</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Pichler G., Fazekas F. Cardiopulmonary arrest is the most frequent cause of the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a prospective population-based cohort study in Austria. Resuscitation. 2016;103:94–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.02.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>van Erp W.S., Aben A.M.L., Lavrijsen J.C.M. et al. Unexpected emergence from the vegetative state: delayed discovery rather than late recovery of consciousness. J. Neurol. 2019;266(12):3144–3149. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09542-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Goudarzi F., Abedi H., Zarea K. Information seeking experiences of family caregivers of patients with persistent vegetative state: a qualitative study. Iran J. Nurs. Midwifery Res. 2020;25(5):393–400. DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_187_18</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kodama N., Suzuki J. Vegetative state patients in Japan. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo). 1976;16(PT1):155–160. DOI: 10.2176/nmc.16pt1.155</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Mroz S., Dierickx S., Deliens L. et al. Assisted dying around the world: a status quaestionis. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2021;10(3):3540–3553. DOI: 10.21037/apm-20-637</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Fins J.J. Disorders of consciousness and disordered care: families, caregivers, and narratives of necessity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2013;94(10):1934–1939. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Practice parameters: assessment and management of patients in the persistent vegetative state (summary statement). The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1995;45(5):1015–1018. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.5.1015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Парфенов А.Л., Петрова М.В., Пичугина И.М., Лугинина Е.В. Формирование коморбидности у пациентов с тяжелым повреждением мозга и исходом в хроническое критическое состояние (обзор). Общая реаниматология. 2020;16(4):72–89. Parfenov A.L., Petrova M.V., Pichugina I.M., Luginina E.V. Comorbidity development in patients with severe brain injury resulting in chronic critical condition (review). General Reanimatology. 2020;16(4):72–89. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2020-4-72-89</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Leonardi M., Giovannetti A.M., Pagani M. et al. Burden and needs of 487 caregivers of patients in vegetative state and in minimally conscious state: results from a national study. Brain Injury. 2012;26(10):1201–1210. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2012.667589</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lavrijsen J.C.M. Prevalence and characteristics of patients in a vegetative state in Dutch nursing homes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2005;76(10):1420–1424. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.058198</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Raso M.G., Arcuri F., Liperoti S. et al. Telemonitoring of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Front. Neurol. 2021;12:598777. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.598777</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Fields A.I., Coble D.H., Pollack M.M. et al. Outcomes of children in a persistent vegetative state. Crit. Care Med. 1993;21(12):1890–1894. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199312000-00016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Covelli V., Cerniauskaite M., Leonardi M. et al. A qualitative study on perceptions of changes reported by caregivers of patients in vegetative state and minimally conscious state: the “Time Gap Experience”. Sci. World J. 2014;2014:1–9. DOI: 10.1155/2014/657321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Estraneo A., De Bellis F., Masotta O. et al. Demographical and clinical indices for long-term evolution of patients in vegetative or in minimally conscious state. Brain Injury. 2019;33(13–14):1633–1639. DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1658220</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Estraneo A., Moretta P., Loreto V. et al. Predictors of recovery of responsiveness in prolonged anoxic vegetative state. Neurology. 2013;80(5):464–470. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0f31</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Estraneo A., Fiorenza S., Magliacano A., et al. Multicenter prospective study on predictors of short-term outcome in disorders of consciousness. Neurology. 2020;95(11):e1488–e1499. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010254</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Пирадов М.А., Супонева Н.А., Вознюк И.А. и др. Хронические нарушения сознания: терминология и диагностические критерии. Результаты первого заседания Российской рабочей группы по проблемам хронических нарушений сознания. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2020;14(1):5–16. Piradov M.A., Suponeva N.A., Voznyuk I.A. et al. Chronic disorders of consciousness: terminology and diagnostic criteria. The results of the first meeting of the Russian Working Group for Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. Annals of clinical and experimental neurology. 2020;14(1):5–16. DOI: 10.25692/ACEN.2020.1.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Steppacher I., Kaps M., Kissler J. Will time heal? A long-term follow-up of severe disorders of consciousness. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2014;1(6):401–408. DOI: 10.1002/acn3.63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Estraneo A., Moretta P., Loreto V. et al. Late recovery after traumatic, anoxic, or hemorrhagic long-lasting vegetative state. Neurology. 2010;75(3):239–245. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e8e8cc</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Bagnato S., Boccagni C., Sant’Angelo A. et al. Longitudinal assessment of clinical signs of recovery in patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome after traumatic or nontraumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma. 2017;34(2):535–539. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lee H.Y., Park J.H., Kim A.R. et al. Neurobehavioral recovery in patients who emerged from prolonged disorder of consciousness: a retrospective study. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):198. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01758-5</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
