Annals of Clinical and Experimental NeurologyAnnals of Clinical and Experimental NeurologyАнналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии2075-54732409-2533Eco-Vector98010.17816/ACEN.980ReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleRapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: modern concept and Parkinson’s disease correlationНарушения поведения в REM-фазе сна: современная концепция и взаимосвязь с болезнью Паркинсонаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-330X57204923376GNW-6535-20228638-5837KhasanovaDiana M.ХасановаДиана Магомедовна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Med.), neurologist, movement disorders specialist, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

к.м.н., невролог-паркинсонолог Консультативно-диагностического центра экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапии Республики Татарстан

diana.khasanova1987@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-72669481-9152ZalyalovaZuleykha A.ЗаляловаЗулейха Абдуллазяновна
Russian Federation

D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Neurology and rehabi- litation department, Kazan State Medical University; Head, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

д.м.н., профессор каф. неврологии и реабилитации Казанского государственного медицинского университета; руководитель Консультативно-диагностического центра экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапии Республики Татарстан

z.zalyalova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-8182IlinaGuzal R.ИльинаГузаль Ринатовна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Med.), neurologist, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

к.м.н., врач-невролог Консультативно-диаг-ностического центра экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапии Республики Татарстан

gusall_@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-7292-6069BagdanovaNailya I.БагдановаНаиля Искандеровна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Med.), neurologist, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

к.м.н., врач-невролог Консультативно-диагностического центра экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапии Республики Татарстан

nelia.bagdanova@gmail.comConsultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of Tatarstan RepublicКонсультативно-диагностический центр экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапии Республики ТатарстанKazan State Medical UniversityКазанский государственный медицинский университет0807202418262690905202303072023Copyright ©; 2024, Khasanova D.M., Zalyalova Z.A., Ilina G.R., Bagdanova N.I.Copyright ©; 2024, Хасанова Д.М., Залялова З.А., Ильина Г.Р., Багданова Н.И.2024Khasanova D.M., Zalyalova Z.A., Ilina G.R., Bagdanova N.I.Хасанова Д.М., Залялова З.А., Ильина Г.Р., Багданова Н.И.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/980

This review describes the association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and synucleinopathies, primarily Parkinson's disease. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, the epidemiology of RBDs, their pathogenesis, and their association with early non-motor symptoms. The data are presented to assess the risk of phenoconversion of RBDs to Parkinson's disease or other synucleinopathies such as Lewy body dementia and multiple system atrophy. A prodromal period of RBDs may precede synucleinopathies years or decades before potential manifestation of motor, cognitive, or autonomic disorders, and this may be important for initiating the neuroprotective therapy. Other causes of RBDs are also reviewed.

Обзор посвящён взаимосвязи нарушения поведения в фазе быстрого сна (фаза с быстрым движением глаз, Rapid eye movement, REM-фаза) и синуклеопатий, преимущественно болезни Паркинсона. Обсуждаются критерии постановки диагноза, эпидемиология нарушений поведения в REM-фазе сна, взаимосвязь с ранними немоторными симптомами заболевания, патогенетические причины развития нарушения поведения во сне. Представлены данные об оценке риска феноконверсии нарушений поведения в REM-фазе сна в болезнь Паркинсона или другие синуклеопатии: деменцию с тельцами Леви, мультисистемную атрофию. Продромальный период с нарушениями в REM-фазе сна может предвосхищать синуклеинопатии за годы или десятилетия до возможных явных двигательных, когнитивных или вегетативных нарушений, что может иметь важное значение для начала нейропротекторной терапии. Рассмотрены также другие причины появления нарушений в REM-фазе сна.

Parkinson's diseaseearly stagesREM sleep behavior disordersnon-motor disordersrapid eye movement sleepalpha-synucleinsynucleinopathiesболезнь Паркинсонаначальные стадиинарушения поведения в REM-фазе снанемоторные нарушенияфаза сна с быстрым движением глазальфа-синуклеинсинуклеинопатииDarien I.L. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders — third edition (ICSD-3). Darien; 2014. 2313 p.Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Parisi J.E. et al. Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology. 2003;61(1):40–45. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000073619.94467.b0Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J. et al. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov. Disord. 2001;16(4):622–630. DOI: 10.1002/mds.1120Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M. et al. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2009;72(15):1296–1300. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000340980.19702.6eBoeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J. et al. Clinicopathologic correlations I rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder with or without a coexisting neurologic disorder. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):754–762. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.015Olson E.J., Boeve B.F., Silber M.H. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 2):331–339. DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.2.331St Louis E.K., McCarter S.J., Boeve B.F. et al. Lesional REM sleep behavior disorder localizes to the dorsomedial pons. Neurology. 2014;83(20):1871–1873. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000978Hancock K.L., St Louis E.K., McCarter S.J. et al. Quantitative analyses of REM sleep without atonia in children and adolescents with REM sleep beha- vior disorder. Minn. Med. 2014;97(5):43.Boeve B.F. REM sleep behavior disorder: updated review of the core features, the REM sleep behavior disorder-neurodegenerative disease association, evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2010;1184:15–54. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05115.xSchenck C.H., Boeve B.F., Mahowald M.W. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):744–748. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.009McCarter S.J., St Louis E.K., Sandnessd D.J. et al. Antidepressants increase REM sleep muscle tone in patients with and without REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2015;38(6):907–917. DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4738Wing Y.K., Li S.X., Mok V. et al. Prospective outcome of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: psychiatric disorders as a potential early marker of Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2012;83(4):470–472. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301232Frauscher B., Jennum P., Ju Y.E. et al. Comorbidity and medication in REM sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter case-control study. Neurology. 2014;82(12):1076–1079. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000247Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Tuineaig M. et al. Antidepressants and REM sleep behavior disorder: isolated side effect or neurodegenerative signal? Sleep. 2013;36(11):1579–1585. DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3102Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M., Montplaisir J.Y. Markers of neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 12):3298–3307. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp244Teman P.T., Tippmann-Peikert M., Silber M.H. et al. Idiopathic rapid- eye-movement sleep disorder: associations with antidepressants, psychiatric diagnoses, and other factors, in relation to age of onset. Sleep Med. 2009;10(1):60–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.11.019Hustad E., Aasly J.O. Clinical and imaging markers of prodromal Parkinson's disease. Front. Neurol. 2020;11:395. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00395Fernandez-Arcos A., Iranzo A., Serradell M. et al. The clinical phenotype of idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder at presentation: a study in 203 consecutive patients. Sleep. 2016;39(1):121–132. DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5332Howell M., Avidan A.Y., Foldvary-Schaefer N. et al. Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):759–768. DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10424Ohayon M.M., Schenck C.H. Violent behavior during sleep: prevalence, comorbidity and consequences. Sleep Med. 2010;11(9):941–946. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.016Frauscher B., Gschliesser V., Brandauer E. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in 703 sleep-disorder patients: the importance of eliciting a comprehensive sleep history. Sleep Med. 2010;11(2):167–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.03.011Kang S.H., Yoon I.Y., Lee S.D. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in the Korean elderly population: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Sleep. 2013;36(8):1147–1152. DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2874.Haba-Rubio J., Frauscher B., Marques-Vidal P. et al. Prevalence and determinants of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in the general population. Sleep. 2018;41(2):zsx197. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx197Boot B.P., Boeve B.F., Roberts R.O. et al. Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder increases risk for mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Ann. Neurol. 2012;71(1):49–56. DOI: 10.1002/ana.22655Mahlknecht P., Seppi K., Frauscher B. et al. Probable RBD and association with neurodegenerative disease markers: a populationbased study. Mov. Disord. 2015;30(10):1417–1421. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26350St Louis E.K., Boeve A.R., Boeve B.F. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Mov. Disord. 2017;32(5):645–658. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27018Wing Y.K., Lam S.P., Li S.X. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Hong Kong Chinese: clinical outcome and gender comparison. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2008;79(12):1415–1416. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.155374Iranzo A., Fernandez-Arcos A., Tolosa E. et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89741. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089741Bonakis A., Howard R.S., Ebrahim I.O. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and its associations in young patients. Sleep Med. 2009;10(6):641–645. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.07.008Ju Y.E., Larson-Prior L., Duntley S. Changing demographics in REM sleep behavior disorder: possible effect of autoimmunity and antidepressants. Sleep Med. 2011;12(3):278–283. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.07.022Bodkin C.L., Schenck C.H. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in women: relevance to general and specialty medical practice. J. Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18(12):1955–1963. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1348Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–157. DOI: 10.1177/0891988704267465Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F., Smith G.E. et al. Inclusion of RBD improves the diagnostic classification of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2011;77(9):875–882. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822c9148Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F., Smith G.E. et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies may present as dementia and REM sleep behavior disorder without parkinsonism or hallucinations. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2002;8(7):907–914. DOI: 10.1017/s1355617702870047McCarter S.J., St Louis E.K., Boeve B.F. Mild cognitive impairment in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a predictor of dementia? Sleep Med. 2013;14(11):1041–1042. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.08.780McCarter S.J., St Louis E.K., Boeve B.F. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia as an early manifestation of degenerative neurological disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2012;12(2):182–192. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-012-0253-zMolano J., Boeve B., Ferman T. et al. Mild cognitive impairment associated with limbic and neocortical Lewy body disease: a clinicopathological study. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 2):540–556. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp280Murray M.E., Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F. et al. MRI and pathology of REM sleep behavior disorder in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2013;81(19):1681–1689. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000435299.57153.f0Chan P.C., Lee H.H., Hong C.T. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in dementia with lewy bodies (DLB). Behav. Neurol. 2018;9421098. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9421098Fereshtehnejad S.M., Montplaisir J.Y., Pelletier A. et al. Validation of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease: longitudinal assessment in a REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) cohort. Mov. Disord. 2017;32:865–873. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26989Berg D., Postuma R.B., Adler C.H. et al. MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2015;30(12):1600–1611. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26431Roguski A., Rayment D., Whone A.L. et al. A neurologist's guide to REM sleep behavior disorder. Front. Neurol. 2020;11:610. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00610Valencia G.S., Libourel P.A., Lazarus M. et al. Genetic inactivation of glutamate neurons in the rat sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus recapitulates REM sleep behaviour disorder. Brain. 2017;140(2):414–428. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww310Arrigoni E., Chen M.C., Fuller P.M. The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J. Physiol. 2016;594:5391–5414. DOI: 10.1113/JP271324Fraigne J.J., Torontali Z.A., Snow M.B., Peever J.H. REM sleep at its core — circuits, neurotransmitters, and pathophysiology. Front. Neurol. 2015;6:123. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00123Peever J., Luppi P.H., Montplaisir J. Breakdown in REM sleep circuitry underlies REM sleep behavior disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2014; 37:279–288. DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.02.009Knudsen K., Fedorova T.D., Hansen A.K. et al. In vivo staging of pathology in REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multimodality imaging case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:618–628. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30162-5Braak H., Ghebremedhin E., Rüb U. et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 2004;318(1):121–134. DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0956-9Miyamoto T., Miyamoto M., Inoeu Y. et al. Reduced cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2236–2238. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000249313.25627.2eFrauscher B., Normura T., Duerr S. et al. Investigation of autonomic function in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. J. Neurol. 2012;259(6):1056–1061. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6298-0Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M. et al. Olfaction and color vision identify impending neurodegeneration in rapid eye movement sleep beha- vior disorder. Ann. Neurol. 2011;69(5):811–818. DOI: 10.1002/ana.22282Fantini M.L., Postuma R.B., Montplaisir J., Ferini-Strambi L. Olfactory deficit in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behavior disorder. Brain Res. Bull. 2006;70(4–6):386–390. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.008Beach T.G., Adler C.H., Lue L. et al. Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;117(6):613–634. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0538-8Horsager J., Andersen K.B., Knudsen K. et al. Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson's disease: a multimodal imaging case-control study. Brain. 2020;143:3077–3088. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa238Bohnen N.I., Postuma R.B. Body-first versus brain-first biological subtyping of Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2020;143:2871–2873. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa293Horsager J., Knudsen K., Sommerauer M. Clinical and imaging evidence of brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2022;164:105626. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105626Bloch A., Probst A., Bissig H. et al. α-Synuclein pathology of the spinal and peripheral autonomic nervous system in neurologically unimpaired elderly subjects. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2006;32:284–295. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00727Blesa J., Foffani G., Dehay B. et al. Motor and non-motor ircuit disturbances in early Parkinson disease: which happens first? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2022;23:115–128. DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00542-9Warnecke T., Schäfer K.H., Claus I. et al. Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022;8:1–13. DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00295-xAdler C.H., Beach T.G. Neuropathological basis of nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2016;31(8):1114–1119. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26605Залялова З.А., Хасанова Д.М. Эволюция предикторов ранней болезни Паркинсона. Бюллетень Национального общества по изучению болезни Паркинсона и расстройств движений. 2022;(2):72–75. DOI: 10.24412/2226-079X-2022-12438Хасанова Д.М., Залялова З.А., Мунасипова С.Э. Нарушения сна у впервые выявленных пациентов с ранними стадиями болезни Паркинсона. Практическая медицина. 2020;18(5):117–123.McCarter S.J., St. Louis E.K., Boeve B.F. Is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease a specific disease subtype? Sleep Med. 2013;14(10):931–933. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.06.004Nomura T., Xiong K.P., Li J. et al. Clinical significance of REM sleep beha- vior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med. 2013;14(2):131–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.011Chahine L.M., Kauta S.R., Daley J.T. et al. Surface EMG activity during REM sleep in Parkinson's disease correlates with disease severity. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2014;20(7):766–771. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.04.011Sixel-Doring F., Trautmann E., Mollenhauer B. et al. Associated factors for REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2011;77(11):1048–1054. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822e560eЗалялова З.А., Хасанова Д.М., Угрюмов М.В. Катехоламины плазмы крови у пациентов с ранними нелечеными стадиями болезни Паркинсона. Альманах клинической медицины. 2018;46(8):792–801. DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-8-792-801Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease is associated with specific motor features. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2008;79(10):1117–1121. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149195Lee J.E., Kim K.S., Shin H.W., Sohn Y.H. Factors related to clinically probable REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2010;16(2):105–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.08.005Sommerauer M., Valko P.O., Werth E. et al. Revisiting the impact of REM sleep behavior disorder on motor progression in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2014;20(4):460–462. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.01.005Postuma R.B., Bertrand J.A., Montplaisir J. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study. Mov. Disord. 2012;27(6):720–726. DOI: 10.1002/mds.24939Vendette M., Gagnon J.F., Decary A. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder predicts cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease without dementia. Neurology. 2007;69(19):1843–1849. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000278114.14096.74Plomhause L., Dujardin K., Duhamel A. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in treatment-naive Parkinson disease patients. Sleep Med. 2013;14(10):1035–1037. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.018McKeith I.G., Dickson DW, Lowe J. et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65(12):1863–1872. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1Pao W.C., Boev B.F., Ferman T.J. et al. Polysomnographic findings in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurologist. 2013;19(1):1–6. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e31827c6bddPalma J.A., Fernandez-Cordon C., Coon E.A. et al. Prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder in multiple system atrophy: a multicenter study and meta-analysis. Clin. Auton. Res. 2015;25(1):69–75. DOI: 10.1007/s10286-015-0279-9Gagnon J.F., Petit D., Fantini M.L. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in probable Alzheimer disease. Sleep. 2006;29(10):1321–1325. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/29.10.1321Arnulf I., Merino-Andreu M., Bloch F. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep. 2005;28(3):349–354.Boeve B.F., Lin S.C., Strongosky A. et al. Absence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in 11 members of the pallidopontonigral degeneration kindred. Arch. Neurol. 2006;63(2):268–272. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.2.268De Cock V.C., Lannuzel A., Verhaeghe S. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with guadeloupean parkinsonism, a tauopathy. Sleep. 2007;30(8):1026–1032. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.8.1026Sabater L., Gaig C., Gelpi E. et al. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):575–586. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70051-1Schenck C.H., Mahowald M.W. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid- eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann. Neurol. 1992;32(1):3–10. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320103Dauvilliers Y., Rompre S., Gagnon J.F. et al. REM sleep characteristics in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2007;30(7):844–849. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.7.844Ferri R., Franceschini C., Zucconi M. et al. Searching for a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder: submentalis muscle EMG amplitude analysis during sleep in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep. 2008;31(10):1409–1417.Nightingale S., Orgill J.C., Ebrahim I.O. et al. The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD). Sleep Med. 2005;6(3):253–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2004.11.007McCarter S.J., Tippmann-Peikert M., Sandness D.J. et al. Neuroimaging-evident lesional pathology associated with REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2015;16(12):1502–1510. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.07.018Compta Y., Iranzo A., Santamaria J. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and narcoleptic features in antiMa2-associated encephalitis. Sleep. 2007;30(6):767–769. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.6.767Cornelius J.R., Pittock S.J., McKeon A. et al. Sleep manifestations of voltage-gated potassium channel complex autoimmunity. Arch. Neurol. 2011;68(6):733–738. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.106Iranzo A., Graus F., Clover L. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 2006;59(1):178–181. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20693Josephs K.A., Silber M.H., Fealey R.D. et al. Neurophysiologic studies in Morvan syndrome. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004;21(6):440–445. DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200411000-00008Tippmann-Peikert M., Boeve B.F., Keegan B.M. REM sleep beha- vior disorder initiated by acute brainstem multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2006;66(8):1277–1279. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000208518.72660.ffИллариошкин С.Н., Власенко А.Г., Федотова Е.Ю. Современные возможности идентификации латентной стадии нейродегенеративного процесса. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2013;7(2):39–50.Нодель М.Р., Украинцева Ю.В., Яхно Н.Н. Синдром нарушения поведения в фазе сна с быстрыми движениями глаз при болезни Паркинсона. Неврологический журнал. 2015;20(6):28–34.Рождественский А.С., Делов Р.А., Маркс Е.А. и др. Изучение фундаментальных и прикладных аспектов болезни Паркинсона в рамках международного консорциума GEoPD. Нервные болезни. 2020;(1):10–15. DOI: 10.24411/2226-0757-2020-12146