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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-5473</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-2533</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">986</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54101/ACEN.2023.4.6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Copper Ions Reduced Toxicity of Sodium Azide and Lipopolysaccharide on Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ионы меди снижают токсическое действие азида натрия и липополисахарида на культивированные зернистые нейроны мозжечка</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2533-7673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stelmashook</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стельмашук</surname><given-names>Елена Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., в.н.с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга </p></bio><email>estelmash@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9109-1463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrova</surname><given-names>Olga P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Ольга Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Researcher, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., н.с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга </p></bio><email>molka-molka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-0250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Genrikhs</surname><given-names>Elizaveta E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Генрихс</surname><given-names>Елизавета Евгеньевна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., с.н.с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга </p></bio><email>genrikhs@neurilogy.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5994-7501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>Yeshvandra</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Верма</surname><given-names>Ешвандра</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Toxicology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр филологии, доктор философии, первый старший доцент кафедры токсикологии </p></bio><email>yeshvandra@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4012-6348</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salmina</surname><given-names>Alla B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салмина</surname><given-names>Алла Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Chief Researcher, Head, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity, Brain Science Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., г.н.с., руководитель лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии и отдела молекулярных и клеточных механизмов нейропластичности Института мозга </p></bio><email>allasalmina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-1163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>Nickolay K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Николай Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., в.н.с. лаб. нейробиологии и тканевой инженерии Института мозга ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»; доцент каф. клеточной биологии и гистологии биологического факультета МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</p></bio><email>nisaev61@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chaudhary Charan Singh University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Чаудхари Чаран Сингх</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-10"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Stelmashook E.V., Alexandrova O.P., Genrikhs E.E., Verma Y., Salmina A.B., Isaev N.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Стельмашук Е.В., Александрова О.П., Генрихс Е.Е., Верма Е., Салмина А.Б., Исаев Н.К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stelmashook E.V., Alexandrova O.P., Genrikhs E.E., Verma Y., Salmina A.B., Isaev N.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стельмашук Е.В., Александрова О.П., Генрихс Е.Е., Верма Е., Салмина А.Б., Исаев Н.К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/986">https://annaly-nevrologii.com/pathID/article/view/986</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction<italic>.</italic></bold> Copper ions (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) are structural elements of proteins such as cytochrome с oxidase (Complex IV), an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of electron transfer to oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. With Cu<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis being of utmost importance, its disturbances in the central nervous system are involved in the mechanisms of many neurodegenerative and other brain disorders.</p> <p><bold>This study aimed</bold> to assess the effects of non-toxic copper ion levels on death of cerebellar granule neurons associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; in vitro inflammation model) or azide sodium (NaN3; cytochrome с oxidase inhibitor).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods<italic>.</italic></bold> LPS (10 μg/mL) or NaN3 (250 μM) was added on day 7 to 8 to the culture medium with rat cerebellar cells for 24 hours in vitro. Nitrite concentrations were measured in the culture medium by Griess assay; absorbance was recorded with a spectrophotometer at 540 nm, and morphologically intact cells were counted as survived neurons.</p> <p><bold>Results<italic>.</italic></bold> Added to the culture medium, LPS or NaN3 reduced neuron survival to 15 ± 2% or 20 ± 3% vs. control, respectively. Cu<sup>2+</sup> (0.5 to 5.0 μM) increased neuron survival in a dose-dependent manner to 78 ± 4% with toxic levels of LPS and to 86 ± 6% with NaN3 with 5 μM Cu<sup>2+</sup>. The concentration of nitrites in the control culture medium was 2.0 ± 0.2 μM. Added to the cell cultures, LPS increased the concentration of nitrites to 8.5 ± 0.5 μM. Cu<sup>2+</sup> 5 μM did not show any significant effects on nitrite accumulation in the culture medium.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions<italic>.</italic></bold> We showed that copper ions can exert protective effects on neurons against LPS-induced or NaN<sub>3</sub>-induced toxicity. This protection is likely to be associated rather with Cu<sup>2+</sup> interaction with Complex IV of the electron transfer chain in the mitochondria than with inhibition of NO production. Effects of Cu<sup>2+ </sup>on apoptosis pathway proteins also cannot be ruled out.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение<italic>.</italic></bold> Ионы меди (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) являются структурными элементами белков, в том числе цитохром с-оксидазы (комплекс IV) — фермента, катализирующего конечный этап переноса электронов на кислород в процессе окислительного фосфорилирования в митохондриях. Поддержание гомеостаза Cu<sup>2+</sup> в головном мозге очень важно, и его нарушение в центральной нервной системе вовлечено в патогенез многих нейродегенеративных заболеваний и патологических состояний головного мозга.</p> <p><bold>Цель<italic> </italic></bold>исследования — определить влияние нетоксических концентраций ионов меди на гибель культивированных зернистых нейронов мозжечка, вызванную липополисахаридом (ЛПС; модель воспаления in vitro) и азидом натрия (NaN3, ингибитор цитохром с-оксидазы).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы<italic>.</italic></bold> ЛПС (10 мкг/мл) или NaN3 (250 мкМ) добавляли на 7–8-й день in vitro в среду культивирования клеток мозжечка крыс на 24 ч. Уровень нитритов измеряли в среде культивирования методом Грисса, оптическую плотность регистрировали при длине волны 540 нм с помощью спектрофотометра, а число живых нейронов оценивали методом подсчёта морфологически интактных клеток.</p> <p><bold>Результаты<italic>.</italic></bold> Добавление в среду культивирования ЛПС снижало выживаемость нейронов до 15 ± 2% относительно контроля, а NaN3 — до 20 ± 3%. В присутствии Cu<sup>2+</sup> (0,5–5,0 мкМ) выживаемость нейронов дозозависимо повышалась: на фоне 5 мкМ Cu<sup>2+</sup> при токсическом воздействии ЛПС — до 78 ± 4%, а при действии NaN3 — до 86 ± 6%. В среде культивирования контрольных культур содержание нитритов составляло 2,0 ± 0,2 мкМ. Добавление ЛПС вызывало повышение уровня нитритов до 8,5 ± 0,5 мкМ. Ионы меди не оказывали достоверного влияния на накопление нитритов в среде культивирования.</p> <p><bold>Заключение<italic>.</italic></bold> Показана возможность защитного действия ионов меди на нейроны при токсичности, вызванной ЛПС и NaN<sub>3</sub>. Видимо, эта защита обусловлена взаимодействием Cu<sup>2+</sup> с комплексом IV цепи переноса электронов в митохондриях, а не подавлением продукции оксида азота, не исключено также влияние Cu<sup>2+</sup> на белки путей апоптоза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurons</kwd><kwd>copper ions</kwd><kwd>sodium azide</kwd><kwd>nitrogen oxide</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейроны</kwd><kwd>ионы меди</kwd><kwd>азид натрия</kwd><kwd>оксид азота</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gromadzka G., Tarnacka B., Flaga A., Adamczyk A. Copper dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases-therapeutic implications. Int. J. Mol. 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